<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7285007911490161484</id><updated>2011-07-31T04:12:02.169-07:00</updated><category term='knowledge'/><category term='digestive system'/><category term='keagamaan'/><category term='biology'/><title type='text'>ujungdaun</title><subtitle type='html'>kumpulan kumpulan artikel biologi</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>fajri arfan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01412068473176801321</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxiqOtntjWI/AAAAAAAAAAY/sFl72KxTZy8/S220/7021_1112521907151_1650005463_30380775_7503692_n.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>14</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7285007911490161484.post-6062230464493778901</id><published>2010-01-07T23:21:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-07T23:32:59.421-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='biology'/><title type='text'>Respiratory system</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"&gt;Respiration organs&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/S0bdLMERV1I/AAAAAAAAADQ/hGoRMQ0JG2E/s1600-h/the_respitatory_system1.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 238px; height: 320px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/S0bdLMERV1I/AAAAAAAAADQ/hGoRMQ0JG2E/s320/the_respitatory_system1.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5424265985501779794" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt; &lt;h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h1&gt; &lt;!-- start content --&gt;      &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;s&lt;/b&gt; (or &lt;b&gt;breathing organs&lt;/b&gt;) are used by most, or all, animals to exchange the gases necessar&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;y for their life function known as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_%28physiology%29" title="Respiration (physiology)"&gt;respiration&lt;/a&gt;. These organs come in many forms, some of them apparently having independently evolved:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin" title="Skin"&gt;skin&lt;/a&gt; – some aquatic,or some amphibians (ex.frogs) or small terrestrial (some of the smallest &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider" title="Spider"&gt;spiders&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite" title="Mite"&gt;mites&lt;/a&gt;, for example), animals can breathe simply by exchanging gas through the surface of their body&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill" title="Gill"&gt;gill&lt;/a&gt; – many aquatic, and a few smaller terrestrial, animals use gills to breathe. Even land animals can do this, as with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopods" title="Isopods" class="mw-redirect"&gt;isopods&lt;/a&gt; like the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlouse" title="Woodlouse"&gt;woodlice&lt;/a&gt; that probably can be found living under rocks in a yard. Gills are simply layers of tissue adapted specifically to gas exchange.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_lung" title="Book lung"&gt;book lung&lt;/a&gt; – Some spiders, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion"&gt;scorpions&lt;/a&gt;, and other &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod"&gt;arthropods&lt;/a&gt; still use primitive book lungs, essentially gills adapted for land use, in their respiration. These are simply tissue with many wrinkles to increase their surface area.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinth_organ" title="Labyrinth organ" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Labyrinth organ&lt;/a&gt; – A secondary breathing organ specific to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinth_fish" title="Labyrinth fish" class="mw-redirect"&gt;labyrinth fish&lt;/a&gt;, essentially an enclosed maze of tissue, evolved from a niche in their gill structure.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate_trachea" title="Invertebrate trachea"&gt;Invertebrate trachea&lt;/a&gt; – tubes evolved by many arthropods, possibly from book lungs, which simply lead directly into their bodies through holes called &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiracle" title="Spiracle"&gt;spiracles&lt;/a&gt;, where their internal organs generally absorb their own air. These can be very primitive, as with some spiders, or more complex, ending with specialized air sacs, as with many insects.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung" title="Lung"&gt;lung&lt;/a&gt; – The lung is made up of muscle tissues, the cells inside the lung which collect the oxygen in the air and pass it into the blood stream via veins and carbon dioxide passes out and that is breathing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system"&gt;respiratory&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm" title="Diaphragm"&gt;diaphragm&lt;/a&gt; – a layer of muscular membrane located at the bottom of the thoracic cavity which in responsible in adjusting the volume of thoracic cavity&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"&gt;Respiratory system&lt;/h1&gt;       &lt;h3 id="siteSub"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;              &lt;div id="jump-to-nav"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system#searchInput"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;!-- start content --&gt;    &lt;table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2" style="font-size: 125%; text-align: center; background-color: dimgray; color: white;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Respiratory system&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img style="width: 429px; height: 321px;" alt="Respiratory system complete en.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg/250px-Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"&gt;A complete, schematic view of the human respiratory system.&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="text-align: left;"&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin"&gt;Latin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;systema respiratorium&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;b&gt;respiratory system'&lt;/b&gt;s function is to allow &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange"&gt;gas exchange&lt;/a&gt; to all parts of the body. The space between the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveoli" title="Alveoli" class="mw-redirect"&gt;alveoli&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillaries" title="Capillaries" class="mw-redirect"&gt;capillaries&lt;/a&gt;, the anatomy or structure of the exchange system, and the precise physiological uses of the exchanged gases vary depending on the organism. In &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" title="Human"&gt;humans&lt;/a&gt; and other &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal"&gt;mammals&lt;/a&gt;, for example, the anatomical features of the &lt;b&gt;respiratory system&lt;/b&gt; include airways, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung" title="Lung"&gt;lungs&lt;/a&gt;, and the respiratory &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle"&gt;muscles&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule"&gt;Molecules&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"&gt;oxygen&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide"&gt;carbon dioxide&lt;/a&gt; are passively exchanged, by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion"&gt;diffusion&lt;/a&gt;, between the gaseous external environment and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood" title="Blood"&gt;blood&lt;/a&gt;. This exchange process occurs in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus"&gt;alveolar&lt;/a&gt; region of the lungs.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system#cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Other animals, such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects" title="Insects" class="mw-redirect"&gt;insects&lt;/a&gt;, have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features, and in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibians" title="Amphibians" class="mw-redirect"&gt;amphibians&lt;/a&gt; even the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin" title="Skin"&gt;skin&lt;/a&gt; plays a vital role in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange"&gt;gas exchange&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants" title="Plants" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Plants&lt;/a&gt; also have respiratory systems but the directionality of gas exchange can be opposite to that in animals. The respiratory system in plants also includes anatomical features such as holes on the undersides of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf"&gt;leaves&lt;/a&gt; known as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomata" title="Stomata" class="mw-redirect"&gt;stomata&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;table id="toc" class="toc"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt; //&lt;![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); }  //]]&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Anatomy_in_vertebrates"&gt;Anatomy in vertebrates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Mammals"&gt;Mammals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;For mammals, including humans, respiration is essential. In these organisms, the respiratory system can be subdivided into an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract" title="Upper respiratory tract"&gt;upper respiratory tract&lt;/a&gt; and a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract" title="Lower respiratory tract"&gt;lower respiratory tract&lt;/a&gt; based on anatomical features. The upper respiratory tract includes the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity"&gt;nasal passages&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx" class="mw-redirect"&gt;pharynx&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx"&gt;larynx&lt;/a&gt;, while the lower buttt faces comprises the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" title="Vertebrate trachea"&gt;trachea&lt;/a&gt;, the primary &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchi" title="Bronchi" class="mw-redirect"&gt;bronchi&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung" title="Lung"&gt;lungs&lt;/a&gt;. The respiratory system can also be divided into physiological, or functional, zones. These include the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conducting_zone" title="Conducting zone"&gt;conducting zone&lt;/a&gt; (the region for gas transport from the outside atmosphere to just above the alveoli), the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transitional_zone&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transitional zone (page does not exist)"&gt;transitional zone&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_zone" title="Respiratory zone"&gt;respiratory zone&lt;/a&gt; (the alveolar region where gas exchange occurs).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system#cite_note-1"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (See also &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract"&gt;respiratory tract&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Comparative_anatomy_and_physiology"&gt;Comparative anatomy and physiology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;h5&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Horses"&gt;Horses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h5&gt; &lt;p&gt;Horses are obligate nasal breathers. That is, they are different from many other mammals in that they do not have the option of breathing through their mouths and must take in air through their nose. (See also &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system_of_the_horse" title="Respiratory system of the horse"&gt;Respiratory system of the horse&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h5&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Elephants"&gt;Elephants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h5&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant"&gt;elephant&lt;/a&gt; is the only animal known to have no &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_space" title="Pleural space" class="mw-redirect"&gt;pleural space&lt;/a&gt;. Rather, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_pleura" title="Parietal pleura"&gt;parietal&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visceral_pleura" title="Visceral pleura"&gt;visceral pleura&lt;/a&gt; are both composed of dense &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue"&gt;connective tissue&lt;/a&gt; and joined to each other via loose connective tissue. This lack of a pleural space, along with an unusually thick &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm" title="Diaphragm"&gt;diaphragm&lt;/a&gt;, are thought to be &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#Outcomes" title="Evolution"&gt;evolutionary adaptations&lt;/a&gt; allowing the elephant to remain underwater for long periods of time while breathing through its &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant#Trunk" title="Elephant"&gt;trunk&lt;/a&gt; which emerges as a snorkel.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Birds"&gt;Birds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The respiratory system of birds differs significantly from that found in mammals, containing unique anatomical features such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_sacs" title="Air sacs" class="mw-redirect"&gt;air sacs&lt;/a&gt;. The lungs of birds also do not have the capacity to inflate as birds lack a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm" title="Diaphragm"&gt;diaphragm&lt;/a&gt; and a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity"&gt;pleural cavity&lt;/a&gt;. Gas exchange in birds occurs between air capillaries and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary"&gt;blood capillaries&lt;/a&gt;, rather than in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveoli" title="Alveoli" class="mw-redirect"&gt;alveoli&lt;/a&gt;. See &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_anatomy#Respiratory_system" title="Bird anatomy"&gt;Avian respiratory system&lt;/a&gt; for a detailed description of these and other. features.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Reptiles"&gt;Reptiles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy"&gt;anatomical structure&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungs" title="Lungs" class="mw-redirect"&gt;lungs&lt;/a&gt; is less complex in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles" title="Reptiles" class="mw-redirect"&gt;reptiles&lt;/a&gt; than in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammals" title="Mammals" class="mw-redirect"&gt;mammals&lt;/a&gt;, with reptiles lacking the very extensive airway tree structure found in mammalian lungs. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange"&gt;Gas exchange&lt;/a&gt; in reptiles still occurs in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveoli" title="Alveoli" class="mw-redirect"&gt;alveoli&lt;/a&gt;, however. Reptiles do not possess a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm"&gt;diaphragm&lt;/a&gt;. Thus, breathing occurs via a change in the volume of the body cavity which is controlled by contraction of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercostal_muscles" title="Intercostal muscles" class="mw-redirect"&gt;intercostal muscles&lt;/a&gt; in all reptiles except &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtles" title="Turtles" class="mw-redirect"&gt;turtles&lt;/a&gt;. In turtles, contraction of specific pairs of flank muscles governs &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation"&gt;inspiration&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation"&gt;expiration&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles#Systems" title="Reptiles" class="mw-redirect"&gt;reptiles&lt;/a&gt; for more detailed descriptions of the respiratory system in these animals.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Amphibians"&gt;Amphibians&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Both the lungs and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog#Morphology_and_physiology" title="Frog"&gt;skin&lt;/a&gt; serve as respiratory organs in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibians" title="Amphibians" class="mw-redirect"&gt;amphibians&lt;/a&gt;. The skin of these animals is highly vascularized and moist, with moisture maintained via secretion of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus"&gt;mucus&lt;/a&gt; from specialized cells. While the lungs are of primary importance to breathing control, the skin's unique properties aid rapid gas exchange when amphibians are submerged in oxygen-rich water.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system#cite_note-6"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Fish"&gt;Fish&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;In most fish the respiration takes place through &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gills_%28biology%29#Vertebrate_gills" title="Gills (biology)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;gills&lt;/a&gt;. (See also &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration"&gt;aquatic respiration&lt;/a&gt;.) &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish"&gt;Lungfish&lt;/a&gt;, however, do possess one or two lungs. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabantoidei" title="Anabantoidei"&gt;labyrinth fish&lt;/a&gt; have developed a special organ that allows them to take advantage of the oxygen of the air, but is not a true lung.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Anatomy_in_invertebrates"&gt;Anatomy in invertebrates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Insects"&gt;Insects&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Air enters the respiratory system of most &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects" title="Insects" class="mw-redirect"&gt;insects&lt;/a&gt; through a series of external openings called &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiracles" title="Spiracles" class="mw-redirect"&gt;spiracles&lt;/a&gt;. These external openings, which act as muscular valves in some insects, lead to the internal respiratory system, a densely-networked array of tubes called &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate_trachea" title="Invertebrate trachea"&gt;trachea&lt;/a&gt;. The tracheal system within an individual is composed of interconnecting transverse and longitudinal tracheae which maintain equivalent pressure throughout the system. These tracheae branch repeatedly, eventually forming tracheoles, which are blind-ended, water-filled compartments only one micrometer in diameter. It is at this level of the tracheoles that oxygen is delivered to the cells for respiration.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Insects were once believed to exchange gases with the environment continuously by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_diffusion" title="Simple diffusion" class="mw-redirect"&gt;simple diffusion&lt;/a&gt; of gases into the tracheal system. More recently, however, large variation in insect ventilatory patterns have been documented and insect respiration appears to be highly variable. Some small insects do demonstrate continuous respiration and may lack muscular control of the spiracles. Others, however, utilize &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction"&gt;muscular contraction&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen"&gt;abdomen&lt;/a&gt; along with coordinated spiracle contraction and relaxation to generate cyclical gas exchange patterns. The most extreme form of these patterns is termed &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discontinuous_gas_exchange" title="Discontinuous gas exchange"&gt;discontinuous gas exchange&lt;/a&gt; cycles (DGC).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system#cite_note-8"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;9&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Mollusks"&gt;Mollusks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusks" title="Mollusks" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Mollusks&lt;/a&gt; generally possess gills that allow exchange of oxygen from an aqueous environment into the circulatory system. These animals also possess a heart that pumps blood which contains &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemocyanin" title="Hemocyanin"&gt;hemocyanin&lt;/a&gt; as its oxygen-capturing molecule. Hence, this respiratory system is similar to that of vertebrate fish. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system_of_gastropods" title="Respiratory system of gastropods"&gt;Respiratory system of gastropods&lt;/a&gt; include gills or lung.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Physiology_in_mammals"&gt;Physiology in mammals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;For more detailed descriptions see also &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_physiology" title="Respiratory physiology"&gt;Respiratory physiology&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_%28physiology%29" title="Respiration (physiology)"&gt;Respiration&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Ventilation"&gt;Ventilation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_%28physiology%29" title="Ventilation (physiology)"&gt;Ventilation&lt;/a&gt; of the lungs is carried out by the muscles of respiration.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Control"&gt;Control&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ventilation occurs under the control of the autonomic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system"&gt;nervous system&lt;/a&gt; from parts of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stem" title="Brain stem" class="mw-redirect"&gt;brain stem&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata"&gt;medulla oblongata&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons" title="Pons"&gt;pons&lt;/a&gt;. This area of the brain forms the respiration regulatory center, a series of interconnected &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_cell" title="Brain cell"&gt;brain cells&lt;/a&gt; within the lower and middle brain stem which coordinate respiratory movements. The sections are the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumotaxic_center" title="Pneumotaxic center"&gt;pneumotaxic center&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apneustic_center" title="Apneustic center"&gt;apneustic center&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_respiratory_group" title="Dorsal respiratory group"&gt;dorsal&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_respiratory_group" title="Ventral respiratory group"&gt;ventral respiratory groups&lt;/a&gt;. This section is especially sensitive during infancy, and the neurons can be destroyed if the infant is dropped and/or shaken violently. The result can be death due to "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome" title="Shaken baby syndrome"&gt;shaken baby syndrome&lt;/a&gt;."&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Inhalation"&gt;Inhalation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation"&gt;Inhalation&lt;/a&gt; is initiated by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_%28anatomy%29" title="Diaphragm (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;diaphragm&lt;/a&gt; and supported by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_intercostal_muscles" title="External intercostal muscles"&gt;external intercostal muscles&lt;/a&gt;. Normal resting respirations are 10 to 18 breaths per minute, with a time period of 2 seconds. During vigorous inhalation (at rates exceeding 35 breaths per minute), or in approaching respiratory failure, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_muscles_of_respiration" title="Accessory muscles of respiration" class="mw-redirect"&gt;accessory muscles of respiration&lt;/a&gt; are recruited for support. These consist of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternocleidomastoid" title="Sternocleidomastoid" class="mw-redirect"&gt;sternocleidomastoid&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platysma" title="Platysma" class="mw-redirect"&gt;platysma&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalene_muscles" title="Scalene muscles"&gt;scalene muscles&lt;/a&gt; of the neck.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Under normal conditions, the diaphragm is the primary driver of inhalation. When the diaphragm contracts, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib" title="Rib"&gt;ribcage&lt;/a&gt; expands and the contents of the abdomen are moved downward. This results in a larger &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax"&gt;thoracic&lt;/a&gt; volume and negative (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suction" title="Suction"&gt;suction&lt;/a&gt;) pressure (with respect to atmospheric pressure) inside the thorax. As the pressure in the chest falls, air moves into the conducting zone. Here, the air is filtered, warmed, and humidified as it flows to the lungs.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;During forced inhalation, as when taking a deep breath, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_intercostal_muscles" title="External intercostal muscles"&gt;external intercostal muscles&lt;/a&gt; and accessory muscles aid in further expanding the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_cavity" title="Thoracic cavity"&gt;thoracic cavity&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Exhalation"&gt;Exhalation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation"&gt;Exhalation&lt;/a&gt; is generally a passive process; however, active or &lt;i&gt;forced&lt;/i&gt; exhalation is achieved by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_muscles" title="Abdominal muscles" class="mw-redirect"&gt;abdominal&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_intercostal_muscles" title="Internal intercostal muscles"&gt;internal intercostal muscles&lt;/a&gt;. During this process air is forced or &lt;i&gt;exhaled&lt;/i&gt; out.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The lungs have a natural elasticity: as they recoil from the stretch of inhalation, air flows back out until the pressures in the chest and the atmosphere reach equilibrium.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;During forced exhalation, as when blowing out a candle, expiratory muscles including the abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles, generate abdominal and thoracic pressure, which forces air out of the lungs.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Circulation"&gt;Circulation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The right side of the heart pumps blood from the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventricle" title="Right ventricle"&gt;right ventricle&lt;/a&gt; through the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_semilunar_valve" title="Pulmonary semilunar valve" class="mw-redirect"&gt;pulmonary semilunar valve&lt;/a&gt; into the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_trunk" title="Pulmonary trunk" class="mw-redirect"&gt;pulmonary trunk&lt;/a&gt;. The trunk branches into right and left &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteries" title="Pulmonary arteries" class="mw-redirect"&gt;pulmonary arteries&lt;/a&gt; to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_blood_vessel" title="Pulmonary blood vessel"&gt;pulmonary blood vessels&lt;/a&gt;. The vessels generally accompany the airways and also undergo numerous branchings. Once the gas exchange process is complete in the pulmonary &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary"&gt;capillaries&lt;/a&gt;, blood is returned to the left side of the heart through four &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein"&gt;pulmonary veins&lt;/a&gt;, two from each side. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation"&gt;pulmonary circulation&lt;/a&gt; has a very low resistance, due to the short distance within the lungs, compared to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulation" title="Systemic circulation"&gt;systemic circulation&lt;/a&gt;, and for this reason, &lt;b&gt;all the pressures&lt;/b&gt; within the pulmonary blood vessels are normally low as compared to the pressure of the systemic circulation loop.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Gas_exchange"&gt;Gas exchange&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The major function of the respiratory system is &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange"&gt;gas exchange&lt;/a&gt; between the external environment and an organism's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system"&gt;circulatory system&lt;/a&gt;. In humans and mammals, this exchange facilitates &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenation" title="Oxygenation"&gt;oxygenation&lt;/a&gt; of the blood with a concomitant removal of carbon dioxide and other gaseous &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste"&gt;metabolic wastes&lt;/a&gt; from the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system"&gt;circulation&lt;/a&gt;. As gas exchange occurs, the acid-base balance of the body is maintained as part of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis"&gt;homeostasis&lt;/a&gt;. If proper ventilation is not maintained, two opposing conditions could occur: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_acidosis" title="Respiratory acidosis"&gt;respiratory acidosis&lt;/a&gt;, a life threatening condition, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_alkalosis" title="Respiratory alkalosis"&gt;respiratory alkalosis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Upon inhalation, gas exchange occurs at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus"&gt;alveoli&lt;/a&gt;, the tiny sacs which are the basic functional component of the lungs. The alveolar walls are extremely thin (approx. 0.2 micrometres). These walls are composed of a single layer of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium"&gt;epithelial cells&lt;/a&gt; (type I and type II epithelial cells) in close proximity to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillaries" title="Capillaries" class="mw-redirect"&gt;pulmonary capillaries&lt;/a&gt; which are composed of a single layer of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium"&gt;endothelial cells&lt;/a&gt;. The close proximity of these two cell types allows permeability to gases and, hence, gas exchange. This whole mechanism of gas exchange is carried by the simple phenomenon of pressure difference. When the atmospheric pressure is low outside the air from lungs flow out. When the air pressure is low inside, then the vice versa.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Non-respiratory_functions"&gt;Non-respiratory functions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Vocalization"&gt;Vocalization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p&gt;The movement of gas through the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx"&gt;larynx&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx" class="mw-redirect"&gt;pharynx&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth"&gt;mouth&lt;/a&gt; allows humans to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech" title="Speech"&gt;speak&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation"&gt;phonate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Vocalization, or singing, in birds occurs via the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_anatomy#Respiratory_system" title="Bird anatomy"&gt;syrinx&lt;/a&gt;, an organ located at the base of the trachea. The vibration of air flowing across the larynx (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_chords" title="Vocal chords" class="mw-redirect"&gt;vocal chords&lt;/a&gt;), in humans, and the syrinx, in birds, results in sound. Because of this, gas movement is extremely vital for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication" title="Communication"&gt;communication&lt;/a&gt; purposes.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Temperature_control"&gt;Temperature control&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panting" title="Panting" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Panting&lt;/a&gt; in dogs and some other animals provides a means of controlling body temperature. This physiological response is used as a cooling mechanism.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Coughing_and_sneezing"&gt;Coughing and sneezing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p&gt;Irritation of nerves within the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity"&gt;nasal passages&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airways" title="Airways" class="mw-redirect"&gt;airways&lt;/a&gt;, can induce &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coughing" title="Coughing" class="mw-redirect"&gt;coughing&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneezing" title="Sneezing" class="mw-redirect"&gt;sneezing&lt;/a&gt;. These responses cause air to be expelled forcefully from the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" title="Vertebrate trachea"&gt;trachea&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose" title="Nose"&gt;nose&lt;/a&gt;, respectively. In this manner, irritants caught in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus"&gt;mucus&lt;/a&gt; which lines the respiratory tract are expelled or moved to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth"&gt;mouth&lt;/a&gt; where they can be &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallowed" title="Swallowed" class="mw-redirect"&gt;swallowed&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Development_in_animals"&gt;Development in animals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Humans_and_mammals"&gt;Humans and mammals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The respiratory system lies dormant in the human &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus"&gt;fetus&lt;/a&gt; during &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy"&gt;pregnancy&lt;/a&gt;. At birth, the respiratory system becomes fully functional upon exposure to air, although some lung development and growth continues throughout childhood. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_birth" title="Premature birth" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Pre-term birth&lt;/a&gt; can lead to infants with under-developed lungs. These lungs show incomplete development of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus#Anatomy" title="Pulmonary alveolus"&gt;alveolar type II cells&lt;/a&gt;, cells that produce &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant"&gt;surfactant&lt;/a&gt;. The lungs of pre-term infants may not function well because the lack of surfactant leads to increased surface tension within the alveoli. Thus, many alveoli collapse such that no gas exchange can occur within some or most regions of an infant's lungs, a condition termed &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome"&gt;respiratory distress syndrome&lt;/a&gt;. Basic scientific experiments, carried out using cells from chicken lungs, support the potential for using &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroids" title="Steroids" class="mw-redirect"&gt;steroids&lt;/a&gt; as a means of furthering development of type II alveolar cells. In fact, once a pre-mature birth is threatened, every effort is made to delay the birth, and a series of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid"&gt;steroid&lt;/a&gt; shots is frequently administered to the mother during this delay in an effort to promote lung growth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Disease"&gt;Disease&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease"&gt;Disorders of the respiratory system&lt;/a&gt; can be classified into four general areas:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Obstructive conditions (e.g., &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema"&gt;emphysema&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis"&gt;bronchitis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_asthma" title="Allergic asthma" class="mw-redirect"&gt;asthma attacks&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Restrictive conditions (e.g., &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrosis" title="Fibrosis"&gt;fibrosis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis"&gt;sarcoidosis&lt;/a&gt;, alveolar damage, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion"&gt;pleural effusion&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Vascular diseases (e.g., &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema"&gt;pulmonary edema&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism"&gt;pulmonary embolism&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension"&gt;pulmonary hypertension&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Infectious, environmental and other "diseases" (e.g., &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia"&gt;pneumonia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis"&gt;tuberculosis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis"&gt;asbestosis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution#Pollutants" title="Air pollution"&gt;particulate pollutants&lt;/a&gt;): &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough" title="Cough"&gt;Coughing&lt;/a&gt; is of major importance, as it is the body's main method to remove dust, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus"&gt;mucus&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva"&gt;saliva&lt;/a&gt;, and other debris from the lungs. Inability to cough can lead to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection" title="Infection"&gt;infection&lt;/a&gt;. Deep breathing exercises may help keep finer structures of the lungs clear from particulate matter, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbe" title="Microbe" class="mw-redirect"&gt;microbes&lt;/a&gt; due to the extensive surface area, which is why the respiratory system includes many mechanisms to defend itself and prevent &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen"&gt;pathogens&lt;/a&gt; from entering the body.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Disorders of the respiratory system are usually treated internally by a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology"&gt;pulmonologist&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Plants"&gt;Plants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant"&gt;Plants&lt;/a&gt; use &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide"&gt;carbon dioxide&lt;/a&gt; gas in the process of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis"&gt;photosynthesis&lt;/a&gt;, and then exhale &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"&gt;oxygen&lt;/a&gt; gas, a waste product of photosynthesis. However, plants also sometimes respire as humans do, taking in oxygen and producing carbon dioxide.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Plant respiration is limited by the process of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion"&gt;diffusion&lt;/a&gt;. Plants take in carbon dioxide through holes on the undersides of their &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf"&gt;leaves&lt;/a&gt; known as stomata (sing:stoma). However, most plants require little air.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; Most plants have relatively few living cells outside of their surface because air (which is required for metabolic content) can penetrate only skin deep. However, most plants are not involved in highly &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration#Aerobic_respiration" title="Cellular respiration"&gt;aerobic&lt;/a&gt; activities, and thus have no need of these living cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/HiT621PrrO0&amp;amp;hl=en_US&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;amp;"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/HiT621PrrO0&amp;amp;hl=en_US&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;amp;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7285007911490161484-6062230464493778901?l=ujungdaun.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/feeds/6062230464493778901/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2010/01/respiratory-system.html#comment-form' title='1 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/6062230464493778901'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/6062230464493778901'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2010/01/respiratory-system.html' title='Respiratory system'/><author><name>fajri arfan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01412068473176801321</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxiqOtntjWI/AAAAAAAAAAY/sFl72KxTZy8/S220/7021_1112521907151_1650005463_30380775_7503692_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/S0bdLMERV1I/AAAAAAAAADQ/hGoRMQ0JG2E/s72-c/the_respitatory_system1.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7285007911490161484.post-8412405044838920029</id><published>2010-01-07T23:07:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-07T23:36:14.926-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='biology'/><title type='text'>digestive system in human</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;Definition of Digestion of Food:&lt;/strong&gt;Process of transformation of food into their soluble substance into the blood is called Digetion Food. For the digestion human digestive system is very neccessary. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Digestive System:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.rainbowskill.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/digestive-system11.png"&gt;&lt;img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-16658" title="digestive-system11" src="http://www.rainbowskill.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/digestive-system11.png" alt="Human Digestive System ..." /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Is the system that makes food absorbable into the body .The digestive tract (also known as the alimentary canal) is the system of organs within multicellular &lt;a title="animals" href="http://www.rainbowskill.com/animals"&gt;animals&lt;/a&gt; that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. The major functions of the GI tract are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract—a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus—and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food (see figure).Organs that make up the digestive tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine—also called the colon—rectum, and anus. Inside these hollow organs is a lining called the mucosa. In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food. The digestive tract also contains a layer of smooth muscle that helps break down food and move it along the tract.Two “solid” digestive organs, the liver and the pancreas, produce digestive juices that reach the intestine through small tubes called ducts. The gallbladder stores the liver’s digestive juices until they are needed in the intestine. Parts of the nervous and circulatory systems also play major roles in the digestive system.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why The Digestion Of Food So Important?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When you eat foods—such as bread, meat, and vegetables—they are not in a form that the body can use as nourishment. Food and drink must be changed into smaller molecules of nutrients before they can be absorbed into the blood and carried to cells throughout the body. Digestion is the process by which food and drink are broken down into their smallest parts so the body can use them to build and nourish cells and to provide energy.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Digestion involves mixing food with digestive juices, moving it through the digestive tract, and breaking down large molecules of food into smaller molecules. Digestion begins in the mouth, when you chew and swallow, and is completed in the small intestine.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Movement of Food Through the System&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.rainbowskill.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/digestive-system2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-16684" title="digestive-system2" src="http://www.rainbowskill.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/digestive-system2.jpg" alt="Human Digestive System ..." /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The large, hollow organs of the digestive tract contain a layer of muscle that enables their walls to move. The movement of organ walls can propel food and liquid through the system and also can mix the contents within each organ. Food moves from one organ to the next through muscle action called peristalsis. Peristalsis looks like an ocean wave traveling through the muscle. The muscle of the organ contracts to create a narrowing and then propels the narrowed portion slowly down the length of the organ. These waves of narrowing push the food and fluid in front of them through each hollow organ.&lt;a href="http://www.rainbowskill.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/digestive-system3.jpg"&gt;&lt;img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-16689" title="digestive-system3" src="http://www.rainbowskill.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/digestive-system3.jpg" alt="Human Digestive System ..." /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The first major muscle movement occurs when food or liquid is swallowed. Although you are able to start swallowing by choice, once the swallow begins, it becomes involuntary and proceeds under the control of the nerves.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Swallowed food is pushed into the esophagus, which connects the throat above with the stomach below. At the junction of the esophagus and stomach, there is a ringlike muscle, called the lower esophageal sphincter, closing the passage between the two organs. As food approaches the closed sphincter, the sphincter relaxes and allows the food to pass through to the stomach.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The stomach has three mechanical tasks. First, it stores the swallowed food and liquid. To do this, the muscle of the upper part of the stomach relaxes to accept large volumes of swallowed material. The second job is to mix up the food, liquid, and digestive juice produced by the stomach. The lower part of the stomach mixes these materials by its muscle action. The third task of the stomach is to empty its contents slowly into the small intestine.&lt;a href="http://www.rainbowskill.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/digestive-system4.jpg"&gt;&lt;img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-16694" title="digestive-system4" src="http://www.rainbowskill.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/digestive-system4.jpg" alt="Human Digestive System ..." /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Several factors affect emptying of the stomach, including the kind of food and the degree of muscle action of the emptying stomach and the small intestine. Carbohydrates, for example, spend the least amount of time in the stomach, while protein stays in the stomach longer, and fats the longest. As the food dissolves into the juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, the contents of the intestine are mixed and pushed forward to allow further digestion.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Finally, the digested nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal walls and transported throughout the body. The waste products of this process include undigested parts of the food, known as fiber, and older cells that have been shed from the mucosa. These materials are pushed into the colon, where they remain until the feces are expelled by a bowel movement.&lt;br /&gt;Production of Digestive Juices&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The digestive glands that act first are in the mouth—the salivary glands. Saliva produced by these glands contains an enzyme that begins to digest the starch from food into smaller molecules. An enzyme is a substance that speeds up chemical reactions in the body.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The next set of digestive glands is in the stomach lining. They produce stomach acid and an enzyme that digests protein. A thick mucus layer coats the mucosa and helps keep the acidic digestive juice from dissolving the tissue of the stomach itself. In most people, the stomach mucosa is able to resist the juice, although food and other tissues of the body cannot.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;After the stomach empties the food and juice mixture into the small intestine, the juices of two other digestive organs mix with the food. One of these organs, the pancreas, produces a juice that contains a wide array of enzymes to break down the carbohydrate, fat, and protein in food. Other enzymes that are active in the process come from glands in the wall of the intestine.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The second organ, the liver, produces yet another digestive juice—bile. Bile is stored between meals in the gallbladder. At mealtime, it is squeezed out of the gallbladder, through the bile ducts, and into the intestine to mix with the fat in food. The bile acids dissolve fat into the watery contents of the intestine, much like detergents that dissolve grease from a frying pan. After fat is dissolved, it is digested by enzymes from the pancreas and the lining of the intestine.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Absorption and Transport of Nutrients&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;This part of the process varies with different types of nutrients are Given below: Carbohydrates,  Protein, Fats, Vitamins &amp;amp; Water and salt.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7285007911490161484-8412405044838920029?l=ujungdaun.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/feeds/8412405044838920029/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2010/01/digestive-system-in-human.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/8412405044838920029'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/8412405044838920029'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2010/01/digestive-system-in-human.html' title='digestive system in human'/><author><name>fajri arfan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01412068473176801321</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxiqOtntjWI/AAAAAAAAAAY/sFl72KxTZy8/S220/7021_1112521907151_1650005463_30380775_7503692_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7285007911490161484.post-8253601839545465781</id><published>2010-01-03T23:50:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-07T23:11:22.163-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='digestive system'/><title type='text'>Carbohydrates</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Carbohydrates - Chemical Structure&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;           &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Carbohydrates consist of the elements carbon (&lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt;), hydrogen (&lt;b&gt;H&lt;/b&gt;) and oxygen (&lt;b&gt;O&lt;/b&gt;)  with a ratio of hydrogen twice that of carbon and oxygen.   Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, cellulose and many other compounds found in living organisms. In their basic form, carbohydrates are simple sugars or &lt;i&gt;monosaccharides&lt;/i&gt;.  These simple sugars can combine with each other to form more complex carbohydrates.  The combination of two simple sugars is a &lt;i&gt;disaccharide&lt;/i&gt;. Carbohydrates consisting of two to ten simple sugars are called &lt;i&gt;oligosaccharides&lt;/i&gt;, and those with a larger number are called &lt;i&gt;polysaccharides&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/cotton.jpg" title="" alt="Cotton and Sugar are carbohydrates" width="115" height="240" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sugar and Cotton&lt;br /&gt;are Carbohydrates      &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!-- google_ad_client = "pub-4856217613373849"; google_ad_width = 300; google_ad_height = 250; google_ad_format = "300x250_as"; google_ad_type = "text_image"; google_ad_channel =""; google_color_border = "FFFFFF"; google_color_bg = "FFFFFF"; google_color_link = "0000FF"; google_color_url = "000000"; google_color_text = "000000"; //--&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt; &lt;/script&gt;&lt;script src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/expansion_embed.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script src="http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/test_domain.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script&gt;google_protectAndRun("ads_core.google_render_ad", google_handleError, google_render_ad);&lt;/script&gt;&lt;ins style="border: medium none ; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; display: inline-table; height: 250px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 300px;"&gt;&lt;ins style="border: medium none ; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; display: block; height: 250px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 300px;"&gt;&lt;iframe allowtransparency="true" hspace="0" id="google_ads_frame1" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="google_ads_frame" src="http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-4856217613373849&amp;amp;format=300x250_as&amp;amp;output=html&amp;amp;h=250&amp;amp;w=300&amp;amp;lmt=1258824465&amp;amp;ad_type=text_image&amp;amp;color_bg=FFFFFF&amp;amp;color_border=FFFFFF&amp;amp;color_link=0000FF&amp;amp;color_text=000000&amp;amp;color_url=000000&amp;amp;flash=10.0.32&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificpsychic.com%2Ffitness%2Fcarbohydrates.html&amp;amp;dt=1262592475904&amp;amp;correlator=1262592475907&amp;amp;frm=0&amp;amp;ga_vid=1489483667.1262592476&amp;amp;ga_sid=1262592476&amp;amp;ga_hid=697251210&amp;amp;ga_fc=0&amp;amp;u_tz=420&amp;amp;u_his=12&amp;amp;u_java=1&amp;amp;u_h=768&amp;amp;u_w=1024&amp;amp;u_ah=738&amp;amp;u_aw=1024&amp;amp;u_cd=32&amp;amp;u_nplug=21&amp;amp;u_nmime=105&amp;amp;biw=1024&amp;amp;bih=578&amp;amp;ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.id%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26source%3Dweb%26ct%3Dres%26cd%3D1%26ved%3D0CA8QFjAA%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.scientificpsychic.com%252Ffitness%252Fcarbohydrates.html%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dchemical%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bcarbohydrate%26ei%3DMp5BS_bNGsugkQWnydD6Cw%26usg%3DAFQjCNFeSB-QYMxxCeYXYgwja4f5GcuAwA&amp;amp;fu=0&amp;amp;ifi=1&amp;amp;dtd=32&amp;amp;xpc=3SMoAjA7bs&amp;amp;p=http%3A//www.scientificpsychic.com" style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; top: 0pt;" vspace="0" width="300" frameborder="0" height="250" scrolling="no"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;h2&gt;Sugars&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Sugars are white crystalline carbohydrates that are soluble in water and generally have a sweet taste.&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;h3&gt;Monosaccharides are simple sugars&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;Monosaccharide classifications based on the number of carbons&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;         &lt;center&gt;         &lt;table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"&gt;           &lt;tbody&gt;           &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;th align="center"&gt;Number of&lt;br /&gt;       Carbons&lt;/th&gt;             &lt;th align="center"&gt;Category Name&lt;/th&gt;             &lt;th align="center"&gt;Examples&lt;/th&gt;           &lt;/tr&gt;            &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;Tetrose&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td&gt;Erythrose, Threose&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;           &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;Pentose&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td&gt;Arabinose, Ribose, Ribulose, Xylose, Xylulose, Lyxose&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;           &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;Hexose&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td&gt;Allose, Altrose, Fructose, Galactose, Glucose, Gulose, Idose, Mannose,              Sorbose, Talose, Tagatose&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;           &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;Heptose&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td&gt;Sedoheptulose&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;            &lt;/tbody&gt;        &lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Many saccharide structures differ only in the orientation of the hydroxyl groups (&lt;b&gt;-OH&lt;/b&gt;). This slight structural difference makes a big difference in the biochemical properties, organoleptic properties (e.g., taste), and in the physical properties such as melting point and Specific Rotation (how polarized light is distorted). A chain-form monosaccharide that has a carbonyl group (&lt;b&gt;C=O&lt;/b&gt;)  on an end carbon forming an aldehyde group (&lt;b&gt;-CHO&lt;/b&gt;) is classified as an &lt;b&gt;aldose&lt;/b&gt;. When the carbonyl group is on an inner atom forming a ketone, it is classified as a &lt;b&gt;ketose&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;h4&gt;Tetroses&lt;/h4&gt;  &lt;center&gt; &lt;table width="30%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/erythrose.gif" alt="D-Erythrose" width="81" height="93" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/threose.gif" alt="D-Threose" width="81" height="93" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Erythrose     &lt;/td&gt;      &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Threose     &lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;  &lt;h4&gt;Pentoses&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;table width="60%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;     &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/ribose.gif" alt="D-Ribose" width="81" height="116" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;     &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/arabinose.gif" alt="D-Arabinose" width="81" height="116" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td align="center"&gt;     &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/xylose.gif" alt="D-Xylose" width="81" height="116" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;     &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/lyxose.gif" alt="D-Lyxose" width="81" height="116" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Ribose     &lt;/td&gt;      &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Arabinose     &lt;/td&gt;          &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Xylose     &lt;/td&gt;      &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Lyxose     &lt;/td&gt;          &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; The ring form of ribose is a component of ribonucleic acid (RNA).   Deoxyribose, which is missing an oxygen at position 2, is a component of  &lt;a href="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/aminoacids1.html"&gt;deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)&lt;/a&gt;. In nucleic acids, the hydroxyl group attached to carbon number 1 is replaced with nucleotide bases.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;center&gt; &lt;table width="50%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;     &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/ribosep.gif" alt="β-D-Ribose" width="102" height="85" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td align="center"&gt;     &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/deoxyribose.gif" alt="β-D-Deoxyribose" width="102" height="85" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Ribose     &lt;/td&gt;          &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Deoxyribose     &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;   &lt;h4&gt;Hexoses&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Hexoses, such as the ones illustrated here, have the molecular formula  &lt;b&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.  German chemist Emil Fischer (1852-1919) identified the stereoisomers for these aldohexoses in 1894. He received the 1902 Nobel Prize for chemistry for his work.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/allose.gif" alt="D-Allose" width="82" height="139" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/altrose.gif" alt="D-Altrose" width="82" height="139" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucosed.gif" alt="D-Glucose" width="82" height="139" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/mannosed.gif" alt="D-Mannose" width="82" height="139" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;             &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Allose     &lt;/td&gt;      &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Altrose     &lt;/td&gt;      &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose     &lt;/td&gt;      &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Mannose     &lt;/td&gt;                          &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/gulose.gif" alt="D-Gulose" width="82" height="139" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/idose.gif" alt="D-Idose" width="82" height="139" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/galactosed.gif" alt="D-Galactose" width="82" height="139" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/talose.gif" alt="D-Talose" width="82" height="139" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Gulose     &lt;/td&gt;      &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Idose     &lt;/td&gt;      &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Galactose     &lt;/td&gt;      &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Talose     &lt;/td&gt;                &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;div align="center"&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!-- google_ad_client = "pub-4856217613373849"; google_ad_width = 300; google_ad_height = 250; google_ad_format = "300x250_as"; google_ad_type = "text_image"; google_ad_channel =""; google_color_border = "FFFFFF"; google_color_bg = "FFFFFF"; google_color_link = "0000FF"; google_color_url = "000000"; google_color_text = "000000"; //--&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt; &lt;/script&gt;&lt;script&gt;google_protectAndRun("ads_core.google_render_ad", google_handleError, google_render_ad);&lt;/script&gt;&lt;ins style="border: medium none ; 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position: absolute; top: 0pt;" vspace="0" width="300" frameborder="0" height="250" scrolling="no"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- center --&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Structures that have opposite configurations of a hydroxyl group at only one position,  such as glucose and mannose, are called &lt;i&gt;epimers&lt;/i&gt;.  &lt;b&gt;Glucose&lt;/b&gt;, also called &lt;b&gt;dextrose&lt;/b&gt;, is the most widely distributed sugar in the plant and animal kingdoms and it is the sugar present in blood as "blood sugar".  The chain form of glucose is a polyhydric  aldehyde, meaning that it has multiple hydroxyl groups and an aldehyde group.  Fructose, also called levulose or "fruit sugar", is shown here in the chain and ring forms. The relationship between the chain and the ring forms of the sugars is discussed below. Fructose and glucose are the main carbohydrate constituents of honey.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;     &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/tagatosed.gif" alt="D-Tagatose - Ketose form" width="74" height="107" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;       &lt;td align="center"&gt;     &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/fructosed.gif" alt="D-Fructose - Ketose form" width="74" height="107" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/fructose.gif" alt="Fructose" width="128" height="85" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/galactose.gif" alt="α-D-Galactose" width="95" height="105" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/mannose.gif" alt="α-D-Mannose" width="95" height="105" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;      &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Tagatose&lt;br /&gt;(a ketose)     &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Fructose     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Fructose     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Galactose     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Mannose     &lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;h4&gt;Heptoses&lt;/h4&gt; Sedoheptulose has the same structure as fructose, but it has one extra carbon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt; &lt;table width="50%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;     &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/sedoheptulose.gif" alt="D-Sedoheptulose" width="74" height="127" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Sedoheptulose     &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;   &lt;h4&gt;Chain and Ring forms&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Many simple sugars can exist in a chain form or a ring form, as illustrated by the hexoses above.  The ring form is favored in aqueous solutions, and the mechanism of ring formation is similar for most sugars. The &lt;b&gt;glucose&lt;/b&gt; ring form is created when the oxygen on carbon number 5 links with the carbon comprising the carbonyl group (carbon number 1) and transfers its hydrogen to the carbonyl oxygen to create a hydroxyl group. The rearrangement produces &lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;alpha&lt;/i&gt; glucose&lt;/u&gt; when  the hydroxyl group is on  the opposite side of the &lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;-CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OH&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; group, or  &lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;beta&lt;/i&gt; glucose&lt;/u&gt; when the hydroxyl group is on  the same side as the &lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;-CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OH&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; group. Isomers, such as these, which differ only in their configuration about their  carbonyl carbon atom are called &lt;i&gt;anomers&lt;/i&gt;. The little &lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; in the name derives from the fact that natural glucose  is &lt;i&gt;dextrorotary&lt;/i&gt;, i.e.,  it rotates polarized light to the right, but it now denotes a specific configuration.  Monosaccharides forming a five-sided ring, like ribose, are called &lt;b&gt;furanoses&lt;/b&gt;.  Those forming six-sided rings, like glucose, are called &lt;b&gt;pyranoses&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt; &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;     &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucosed.gif" alt="D-Glucose" width="82" height="139" /&gt;         &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;          &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucose.gif" alt="alpha-D-Glucose" width="95" height="105" /&gt;         &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;         &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucosebeta.gif" alt="beta-D-Glucose" width="95" height="105" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td align="center"&gt;         &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucose-cyclation.gif" title="Glucose cyclation" alt="Glucose cyclation" width="180" height="141" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose&lt;br /&gt;(an aldose)     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       α-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       β-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose     &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Cyclation of Glucose     &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Stereochemistry&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Saccharides with identical functional groups but with different spatial  configurations have different chemical and biological properties. Stereochemisty is the study of the arrangement of atoms in three-dimensional space.  Stereoisomers are compounds in which the atoms are linked in the same order but differ in their  spatial arrangement. Compounds that are mirror images of each other but are not identical, comparable to left and right shoes, are called &lt;i&gt;enantiomers&lt;/i&gt;. The following structures illustrate the difference between  β-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose and β-&lt;span style=""&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose. Identical molecules can be made to correspond to each other by flipping and rotating.  However, enantiomers cannot be made to correspond to their mirror images by flipping and rotating. Glucose is sometimes illustrated as a "chair form" because it is a more accurate  representation of the bond angles of the molecule.  The "boat" form of glucose is unstable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucosebeta.gif" alt="beta-D-Glucose" width="95" height="105" /&gt;        &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;   &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucosebl.gif" alt="beta-L-Glucose" width="95" height="105" /&gt;        &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;     &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucosebdchair.gif" alt="beta-D-Glucose" width="143" height="105" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       β-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;   β-&lt;span style=""&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;     β-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose&lt;br /&gt;(chair form)     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucosebd.gif" alt="beta-D-Glucose" width="95" height="105" /&gt;        &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucosebl2.gif" alt="beta-L-Glucose" width="95" height="105" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucosebdboat.gif" alt="beta-D-Glucose" width="143" height="105" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       β-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       β-&lt;span style=""&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;    β-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose&lt;br /&gt;(boat form)&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Sugar Alcohols, Amino Sugars, and Uronic Acids&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Sugars may be modified by natural or laboratory processes into compounds that retain the basic configuration of saccharides, but have different functional groups. &lt;u&gt;Sugar alcohols&lt;/u&gt;, also known as polyols, polyhydric alcohols, or polyalcohols, are the hydrogenated forms of the aldoses or ketoses.  For example, glucitol, also known as sorbitol,  has the same linear structure as the chain form of glucose, but the aldehyde (&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;-CHO&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) group is replaced with a  &lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;-CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OH&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; group.  Other common sugar alcohols include the monosaccharides erythritol and xylitol and the disaccharides lactitol and maltitol.  Sugar alcohols have about half the calories of sugars and are frequently  used in low-calorie or "sugar-free" products.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Xylitol, which has the hydroxyl groups oriented like xylose, is a very common ingredient in "sugar-free" candies and gums because it is approximately as sweet as sucrose, but contains 40% less food energy. Although this sugar alcohol appears to be safe for humans, xylitol in relatively small doses can cause seizures, liver failure, and death in dogs.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;u&gt;Amino sugars&lt;/u&gt; or aminosaccharides replace a hydroxyl group with an  amino (&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;-NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)  group.  Glucosamine is an amino sugar used to treat cartilage damage and reduce the pain and  progression of arthritis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;Uronic acids&lt;/u&gt; have a carboxyl group (&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;-COOH&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) on the carbon that is not part of the ring. Their names retain the root of the monosaccharides, but the &lt;i&gt;-ose&lt;/i&gt; sugar suffix is changed  to &lt;i&gt;-uronic acid&lt;/i&gt;. For example, galact&lt;b&gt;uronic acid&lt;/b&gt; has the same configuration as galact&lt;b&gt;ose&lt;/b&gt;,  and the structure of gluc&lt;b&gt;uronic acid&lt;/b&gt; corresponds to gluc&lt;b&gt;ose&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt; &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucitol.gif" alt="D-Glucitol" width="82" height="126" /&gt;        &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucosamine.gif" alt="β-D-Glucosamine" width="95" height="105" /&gt;        &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucuronicacid.gif" alt="β-D-Glucuronic acid" width="95" height="105" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt; Glucitol or Sorbitol&lt;br /&gt;(a sugar alcohol)     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;   Glucosamine&lt;br /&gt;(an amino sugar)        &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt; Glucuronic acid&lt;br /&gt;(a uronic acid)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Carbohydrates - Chemical Structure&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;           &lt;h3&gt;Disaccharides consist of two simple sugars&lt;/h3&gt;   &lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;Disaccharide descriptions and components&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;         &lt;center&gt;         &lt;table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"&gt;           &lt;tbody&gt;           &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;th align="center"&gt;Disaccharide&lt;/th&gt;             &lt;th align="center"&gt;Description&lt;/th&gt;             &lt;th align="center"&gt;Component monosaccharides&lt;/th&gt;           &lt;/tr&gt;           &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;sucrose&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;common table sugar&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;glucose 1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;2 fructose&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;           &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;maltose&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;product of starch hydrolysis&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;glucose 1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;4 glucose&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;           &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;trehalose&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;found in fungi&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;glucose 1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;1 glucose&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;             &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;lactose&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;main sugar in milk&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;galactose 1β&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;4 glucose&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;                       &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;melibiose&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;found in legumes&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;td align="center"&gt;galactose 1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;6 glucose&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;             &lt;/tbody&gt;        &lt;/table&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!-- google_ad_client = "pub-4856217613373849"; google_ad_width = 300; google_ad_height = 250; google_ad_format = "300x250_as"; google_ad_type = "text_image"; google_ad_channel =""; google_color_border = "FFFFFF"; google_color_bg = "FFFFFF"; google_color_link = "0000FF"; google_color_url = "000000"; google_color_text = "000000"; //--&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt; &lt;/script&gt;&lt;script src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/expansion_embed.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script src="http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/test_domain.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script&gt;google_protectAndRun("ads_core.google_render_ad", google_handleError, google_render_ad);&lt;/script&gt;&lt;ins style="border: medium none ; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; display: inline-table; height: 250px; position: relative; visibility: visible; 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position: absolute; top: 0pt;" vspace="0" width="300" frameborder="0" height="250" scrolling="no"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;          &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/sucrose.gif" alt="Sucrose" width="216" height="105" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/lactose.gif" alt="Lactose" width="158" height="145" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/maltose.gif" alt="Maltose" width="195" height="104" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Sucrose     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Lactose     &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Maltose     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;b&gt;Sucrose&lt;/b&gt;, also called saccharose, is ordinary table sugar refined from sugar cane or  sugar beets.  It is the main ingredient in turbinado sugar, evaporated or dried cane juice, brown sugar, and confectioner's sugar. &lt;b&gt;Lactose&lt;/b&gt; has a molecular structure consisting of galactose and glucose.   It is of interest because it is associated with   &lt;b&gt;lactose intolerance&lt;/b&gt; which is the intestinal distress caused by a deficiency of lactase,  an intestinal enzyme  needed to absorb and digest lactose in milk. Undigested lactose ferments in the colon and  causes abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhea. Yogurt does not cause these problems  because lactose is consumed by the bacteria that transform milk into yogurt.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;b&gt;Maltose&lt;/b&gt; consists of  two α-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-glucose molecules with the alpha bond at carbon 1 of one  molecule attached  to the oxygen at carbon 4 of the second molecule.   This is called a 1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;4 glycosidic linkage.   &lt;b&gt;Trehalose&lt;/b&gt; has two α-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-glucose molecules connected through carbon number one in a 1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;1 linkage.   &lt;b&gt;Cellobiose&lt;/b&gt; is a disaccharide consisting of two β-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-glucose  molecules that have a 1β&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;4 linkage as in cellulose. Cellobiose has no taste, whereas maltose and trehalose are about one-third as sweet as sucrose.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr width="80%" align="center"&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;Trisaccharides&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Raffinose, also called melitose, is a trisaccharide that is widely found in legumes and  cruciferous vegetables, including beans, peas, cabbage, brussels sprouts, and broccoli.  It consists of galactose connected to sucrose via  a 1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;6 glycosidic linkage. Humans cannot digest saccharides with this linkage and the saccharides are fermented in the large intestine by gas-producing bacteria.  Tablets containing the enzyme  alpha-galactosidase, such as &lt;u&gt;Beano&lt;/u&gt;, are frequently used as digestive aids to prevent gas and bloating. The enzyme is derived from selected strains of the food grade fungus &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus niger&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/raffinose.gif" alt="Raffinose" width="265" height="187" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Raffinose &lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr width="80%" align="center"&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;Polysaccharides are polymers of simple sugars&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Many polysaccharides, unlike sugars, are insoluble in water.   Dietary fiber includes polysaccharides and oligosaccharides that are resistant to  digestion and absorption in the human small intestine but which are completely or partially  fermented by microorganisms in the large intestine.  The polysaccharides described below play important roles in nutrition, biology, or food preparation.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h3&gt;Starch&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Starch is the major form of stored carbohydrate in plants. Starch is composed of a mixture of two substances: &lt;i&gt;amylose&lt;/i&gt;, an essentially linear polysaccharide,  and &lt;i&gt;amylopectin&lt;/i&gt;, a highly branched polysaccharide.  Both forms of starch are polymers of &lt;b&gt;α-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose&lt;/b&gt;. Natural starches contain 10-20% amylose and 80-90% amylopectin. Amylose forms a colloidal dispersion in hot water (which helps to thicken gravies) whereas amylopectin is completely insoluble.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Amylose&lt;/b&gt; molecules consist typically of 200 to 20,000 glucose units which  form a helix as a result of the bond angles between the glucose units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt; &lt;table width="60%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/starch.gif" alt="starch" width="543" height="104" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Amylose     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Amylopectin&lt;/b&gt; differs from amylose in being highly branched.  Short side chains of about 30 glucose units are attached  with 1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;6 linkages approximately every twenty to thirty glucose units along the chain.    Amylopectin molecules may contain up to two million glucose units.   &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt; &lt;table width="60%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/amylopectin.gif" alt="Amylopectin" width="542" height="225" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Amylopectin     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/amylopectin2.gif" alt="Amylopectin Structure" width="274" height="125" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       The side branching chains are clustered together within the amylopectin molecule     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Starches are transformed into many commercial products by hydrolysis using acids or enzymes as catalysts. Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water is used to break long polysaccharide chains into smaller chains or into simple carbohydrates. The resulting products are assigned a Dextrose Equivalent (DE) value which  is related to the degree of hydrolysis.  A DE value of 100 corresponds to completely hydrolyzed starch, which is pure glucose (dextrose). &lt;b&gt;Dextrins&lt;/b&gt; are a group of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates produced by the hydrolysis of starch.  Dextrins are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by 1α→4 or 1α→6 glycosidic bonds. &lt;b&gt;Maltodextrin&lt;/b&gt; is partially hydrolyzed starch that is not sweet and has a DE value less than 20. &lt;b&gt;Syrups&lt;/b&gt;, such as corn syrup made from corn starch, have DE values from 20 to 91.  Commercial dextrose has DE values from 92 to 99. &lt;b&gt;Corn syrup solids&lt;/b&gt;, which may be labeled as &lt;b&gt;soluble corn fiber&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;resistant maltodextrin&lt;/b&gt;, are mildly sweet semi-crystalline or powdery amorphous products with DEs from 20 to 36 made by drying corn syrup in a vacuum or in spray driers. Resistant maltodextrin or soluble corn fiber are not broken down in the digestive system, but they are partially fermented by colonic bacteria thus providing only 2 Calories per gram instead of the 4 Calories per gram in corn syrup. &lt;b&gt;High fructose corn syrup (HFCS)&lt;/b&gt;, commonly used to sweeten soft drinks,  is made by treating corn syrup with enzymes to convert a portion of the glucose into fructose.   Commercial HFCS contains from 42% to 55% fructose, with the remaining percentage being mainly glucose. &lt;b&gt;Modified starch&lt;/b&gt; is starch that has been changed by mechanical processes or  chemical treatments to stabilize starch gels made with hot water.   Without modification, gelled starch-water mixtures lose viscosity or become rubbery after a few hours.   &lt;b&gt;Hydrogenated glucose syrup&lt;/b&gt; (HGS) is produced by hydrolyzing starch, and then hydrogenating the resulting syrup to produce sugar alcohols like maltitol and sorbitol, along with hydrogenated oligo- and polysaccharides. &lt;b&gt;Polydextrose&lt;/b&gt; (poly-D-glucose) is  a synthetic, highly-branched polymer with many types of glycosidic linkages created by heating dextrose with an acid  catalyst and purifying the resulting water-soluble polymer.  Polydextrose is used as a bulking agent because it is tasteless and is similar to fiber in terms of its resistance to digestion. The name &lt;b&gt;resistant starch&lt;/b&gt; is applied to dietary starch that is not degraded in the stomach and small intestine, but is fermented by microflora in the large intestine.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;Relative sweetness of various carbohydrates&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt; &lt;table width="35%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       fructose     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="right"&gt;       173     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       invert sugar*     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="right"&gt;       120     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       HFCS (42% fructose)     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="right"&gt;       120     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       sucrose     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="right"&gt;       100     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       xylitol     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="right"&gt;       100     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       tagatose     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="right"&gt;       92     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       glucose     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="right"&gt;       74     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       high-DE corn syrup     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="right"&gt;       70     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       sorbitol     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="right"&gt;       55     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       mannitol     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="right"&gt;       50     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;    &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       trehalose     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="right"&gt;       45     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       regular corn syrup     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="right"&gt;       40     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       galactose     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="right"&gt;       32     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       maltose     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="right"&gt;       32     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;       lactose     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="right"&gt;       15     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;* invert sugar is a mixture of glucose and fructose found in fruits.&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!-- google_ad_client = "pub-4856217613373849"; google_ad_width = 300; google_ad_height = 250; google_ad_format = "300x250_as"; google_ad_type = "text_image"; google_ad_channel =""; google_color_border = "FFFFFF"; google_color_bg = "FFFFFF"; google_color_link = "0000FF"; google_color_url = "000000"; 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position: absolute; top: 0pt;" vspace="0" width="300" frameborder="0" height="250" scrolling="no"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;h3&gt;Glycogen&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Glucose is stored as glycogen in animal tissues by the process of glycogenesis. When glucose cannot be stored as glycogen or used immediately for energy, it is converted to fat. Glycogen is a polymer of α-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose identical to amylopectin,  but the branches in glycogen tend to be shorter (about 13 glucose units) and more frequent.  The glucose chains are organized globularly like branches of a tree originating from a pair of molecules of &lt;b&gt;glycogenin&lt;/b&gt;, a protein with a molecular weight of 38,000  that acts as a primer at the core of the structure. Glycogen is easily converted back to glucose to provide energy.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;center&gt; &lt;table width="60%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;     &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glycogen.gif" alt="Glycogen" width="200" height="200" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Glycogen     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!-- DEXTRANOS Son polisacáridos de reserva producidos por ciertas bacterias. Consisten en cadenas  de glucosa muy ramificadas, cuyo enlace predominante es (1&amp;rarr;6), pero que presenta  ramificaciones (1&amp;rarr;3) y (1&amp;rarr;4).  --&gt; &lt;h3&gt;Dextran&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Dextran is a polysaccharide similar to amylopectin, but the main chains are formed by  1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;6 glycosidic linkages and the side branches are attached by 1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;3 or 1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;4 linkages. Dextran is an oral bacterial product that adheres to the teeth, creating a film called plaque. It is also used commercially in confections, in lacquers, as food additives, and as plasma volume expanders. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;center&gt; &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;      &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/dextran.gif" alt="Dextran" width="324" height="303" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Dextran     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Inulin&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Some plants store carbohydrates in the form of inulin as an alternative, or in addition, to starch.  Inulins are present in many vegetables and fruits, including onions, leeks, garlic, bananas, asparagus, chicory, and Jerusalem artichokes. Inulins are polymers consisting of fructose units that typically have a terminal glucose.  &lt;b&gt;Oligofructose&lt;/b&gt; has the same structure as inulin, but the chains consist of 10 or fewer fructose units. Oligofructose has approximately 30 to 50 percent of the sweetness of table sugar.  Inulin is less soluble than oligofructose&lt;!--  due to its longer length --&gt; and has a smooth creamy  texture that provides a fat-like mouthfeel.  Inulin and oligofructose are nondigestible by human intestinal enzymes, but they are totally fermented by colonic microflora. The short-chain fatty acids and lactate produced by fermentation contribute 1.5 kcal per gram of inulin or oligofructose. Inulin and oligofructose are used to replace fat or sugar and reduce the  calories of foods like ice cream, dairy products, confections and baked goods.&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;table width="60%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;      &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/inulin.gif" alt="Inulin" width="233" height="281" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Inulin      n = approx. 35     &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Carbohydrates - Chemical Structure&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;           &lt;h3&gt;Cellulose&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Cellulose is a polymer of &lt;b&gt;β-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose&lt;/b&gt;, which in contrast to starch, is oriented with &lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;-CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OH&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; groups alternating above and below  the plane of the cellulose molecule thus producing long, unbranched chains. The absence of side chains allows cellulose molecules to lie close together and form rigid structures. Cellulose is the major structural material of plants.  Wood is largely cellulose, and cotton is almost pure cellulose.  Cellulose can be hydrolyzed to its constituent glucose units by microorganisms that inhabit the digestive tract of termites and ruminants.  Cellulose may be modified in the laboratory by treating it with nitric acid (&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)  to replace all the hydroxyl groups with nitrate groups (&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;-ONO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)  to produce cellulose nitrate (&lt;b&gt;nitrocellulose&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;guncotton&lt;/b&gt;) which is an explosive component  of smokeless powder.  Partially nitrated cellulose, known as &lt;b&gt;pyroxylin&lt;/b&gt;,  is used in the manufacture of collodion, plastics, lacquers, and nail polish. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;center&gt; &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/cellulose.gif" alt="Cellulose" width="543" height="104" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Cellulose     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!-- google_ad_client = "pub-4856217613373849"; google_ad_width = 300; google_ad_height = 250; google_ad_format = "300x250_as"; google_ad_type = "text_image"; google_ad_channel =""; google_color_border = "FFFFFF"; google_color_bg = "FFFFFF"; google_color_link = "0000FF"; google_color_url = "000000"; google_color_text = "000000"; //--&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt; &lt;/script&gt;&lt;script src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/expansion_embed.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script src="http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/test_domain.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script&gt;google_protectAndRun("ads_core.google_render_ad", google_handleError, google_render_ad);&lt;/script&gt;&lt;ins style="border: medium none ; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; display: inline-table; height: 250px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 300px;"&gt;&lt;ins style="border: medium none ; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; display: block; height: 250px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 300px;"&gt;&lt;iframe allowtransparency="true" hspace="0" id="google_ads_frame1" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="google_ads_frame" src="http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-4856217613373849&amp;amp;format=300x250_as&amp;amp;output=html&amp;amp;h=250&amp;amp;w=300&amp;amp;lmt=1260130915&amp;amp;ad_type=text_image&amp;amp;color_bg=FFFFFF&amp;amp;color_border=FFFFFF&amp;amp;color_link=0000FF&amp;amp;color_text=000000&amp;amp;color_url=000000&amp;amp;flash=10.0.32&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificpsychic.com%2Ffitness%2Fcarbohydrates2.html&amp;amp;dt=1262592867171&amp;amp;correlator=1262592867174&amp;amp;frm=0&amp;amp;ga_vid=2101029157.1262592867&amp;amp;ga_sid=1262592867&amp;amp;ga_hid=1702824730&amp;amp;ga_fc=0&amp;amp;u_tz=420&amp;amp;u_his=7&amp;amp;u_java=1&amp;amp;u_h=768&amp;amp;u_w=1024&amp;amp;u_ah=738&amp;amp;u_aw=1024&amp;amp;u_cd=32&amp;amp;u_nplug=21&amp;amp;u_nmime=105&amp;amp;biw=1024&amp;amp;bih=578&amp;amp;ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificpsychic.com%2Ffitness%2Fcarbohydrates1.html&amp;amp;fu=0&amp;amp;ifi=1&amp;amp;dtd=31&amp;amp;xpc=1tLy4JfnxL&amp;amp;p=http%3A//www.scientificpsychic.com" style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; top: 0pt;" vspace="0" width="300" frameborder="0" height="250" scrolling="no"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;  &lt;/center&gt;  &lt;h3&gt;Hemicellulose&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; The term "hemicellulose" is applied to the polysaccharide components of plant cell walls other than cellulose, or  to polysaccharides in plant cell walls which are extractable by dilute alkaline solutions.   Hemicelluloses comprise almost one-third of the carbohydrates in woody plant tissue.  The chemical structure of hemicelluloses consists of long chains of a variety of pentoses, hexoses, and their corresponding uronic acids. Hemicelluloses may be found in fruit, plant stems, and grain hulls. Although hemicelluloses are not digestible, they can be fermented by yeasts and bacteria. The polysaccharides yielding pentoses on hydrolysis are called &lt;b&gt;pentosans&lt;/b&gt;.   Xylan is an example of a pentosan consisting of D-xylose units with 1β&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;4 linkages. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt; &lt;!-- &lt;img src="xylan.gif" width="277" height="201" title="" alt="Xylan" /&gt; --&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/xylan1.gif" title="" alt="Xylan" width="543" height="104" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Xylan     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;h3&gt;Arabinoxylan&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Arabinoxylans are polysaccharides found in the bran of grasses and grains such as wheat, rye, and barley. Arabinoxylans consist of a xylan backbone with L-arabinofuranose (L-arabinose in its 5-atom ring form) attached randomly  by 1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;2 and/or 1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;3 linkages to  the xylose units throughout the chain. Since xylose and arabinose are both pentoses, arabinoxylans are usually classified as pentosans. Arabinoxylans are important in the baking industry. The arabinose units bind water and produce viscous compounds that affect the consistency of dough, the retention of gas bubbles from fermentation in gluten-starch films, and the final texture of baked products.  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/arabinoxylan.gif" title="" alt="Arabinoxylan" width="491" height="267" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Arabinoxylan     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;h3&gt;Chitin&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Chitin is an unbranched polymer of N-Acetyl-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-glucosamine.  It is found in fungi and is the principal component of arthropod and lower animal exoskeletons, e.g., insect, crab,  and shrimp shells.  It may be regarded as a derivative of cellulose, in which the hydroxyl groups of the second carbon of each glucose unit have been replaced  with acetamido (&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;-NH(C=O)CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) groups. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;center&gt; &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/chitin.gif" alt="Chitin" width="543" height="104" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Chitin     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Beta-Glucan&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Beta-glucans consist of linear unbranched polysaccharides of β-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-Glucose like cellulose, but with one 1β&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;3 linkage for every three or four 1β&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;4 linkages. Beta-glucans form long cylindrical molecules containing up to about 250,000 glucose units. Beta-glucans occur in the bran of grains such as barley and oats, and they are recognized as being beneficial for reducing heart disease by lowering cholesterol and reducing the glycemic response. They are used comercially to modify food texture and as fat substitutes. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;center&gt; &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;     &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucan.gif" alt="beta-glucan" width="531" height="163" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Beta-Glucan     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Glycosaminoglycans&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Glycosaminoglycans are found in the lubricating fluid of the joints  and as components of cartilage, synovial fluid, vitreous humor, bone, and heart valves.  Glycosaminoglycans are long unbranched polysaccharides containing repeating disaccharide units  that contain either of two amino sugar compounds -- N-acetylgalactosamine or  N-acetylglucosamine, and a uronic acid such as glucuronate (glucose where carbon six forms a  carboxyl group).  Glycosaminoglycans are  negatively charged, highly viscous molecules sometimes called &lt;i&gt;mucopolysaccharides&lt;/i&gt;.  The physiologically most important glycosaminoglycans are  hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate. Chondroitin sulfate is composed of β-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-glucuronate  linked to the third carbon of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfate as illustrated here. Heparin is a complex mixture of linear polysaccharides that have anticoagulant properties and vary in the degree of sulfation of the saccharide units. &lt;/p&gt;   &lt;center&gt; &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/chondroitin.gif" alt="Chondroitin Sulfate" width="195" height="154" /&gt;       &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;         &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/heparin.gif" alt="Heparin" width="216" height="104" /&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Chondroitin Sulfate     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt;       Heparin     &lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Agar and Carrageenan&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;b&gt;Agar (agar agar)&lt;/b&gt; is extracted from seaweed and is used in many foods as a gelling agent. Agar is a polymer of agarobiose, a disaccharide composed of  &lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-&lt;span style=""&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;-galactose. Highly refined agar is used as a medium for culturing bacteria, cellular tissues, and  for DNA fingerprinting.  Agar is used as an ingredient in desserts in Japan and other Asian countries.  The gels produced with agar have a crispier texture than the desserts made with animal gelatin.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;b&gt;Carrageenan&lt;/b&gt; is a generic term for several polysaccharides also extracted from seaweed. Carrageenan compounds differ from agar in that they have  sulfate groups (&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;-OSO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;) in place of  some hydroxyl groups. Carrageenan is also used for thickening, suspending, and gelling food products.  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/agar.gif" alt="Agarobiose" width="200" height="103" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agarobiose is the repeating disaccharide unit in agar.         &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;     &lt;!-- agar agar --&gt;  &lt;iframe src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=scientificpsy-20&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;p=8&amp;amp;l=as1&amp;amp;asins=B00015UC48&amp;amp;fc1=000000&amp;amp;IS2=1&amp;amp;lt1=_blank&amp;amp;m=amazon&amp;amp;lc1=0000FF&amp;amp;bc1=000000&amp;amp;bg1=FFFFFF&amp;amp;f=ifr" style="width: 120px; height: 240px;" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Alginic acid, Alginates&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Alginate is extracted from seaweeds, such as giant kelp (&lt;i&gt;Macrocystis pyrifera&lt;/i&gt;).  The chemical constituents of alginate are random sequences of chains of β-D-mannuronic and α-L-guluronic acids attached with 1→4 linkages. Alginates are insoluble in water, but absorb water readily.  They are useful as gelling and thickening agents.  Alginates are used in the manufacture of textiles, paper, and cosmetics.  The sodium salt of alginic acid, sodium alginate, is used in the food industry to increase viscosity and as an emulsifier.  Alginates are found in  food products such as ice cream and in slimming aids where they serve as appetite suppresants. In dentistry, alginates are used to make dental impressions. &lt;/p&gt;   &lt;center&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/alginate1.gif" title="Alginic acid" alt="Alginic acid" width="251" height="104" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alginic acid &lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Galactomannan&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Galactomannans are polysaccharides consisting of a mannose backbone with galactose side groups. The mannopyranose units are linked with 1β&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;4 linkages to which galactopyranose units are attached with 1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;6 linkages. Galactomannans are present in several vegetable gums that are used to increase the  viscosity of food products.  These are the approximate ratios of  mannose to galactose for the following gums: &lt;/p&gt;      &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Fenugreek gum&lt;/b&gt;, mannose:galactose 1:1&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Guar gum&lt;/b&gt;, mannose:galactose 2:1&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tara gum&lt;/b&gt;, mannose:galactose 3:1&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Locust bean gum&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;Carob gum&lt;/b&gt;, mannose:galactose 4:1&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;   &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Guar is a legume that has been traditionally cultivated as livestock feed.   Guar gum is also known by the name &lt;i&gt;cyamopsis tetragonoloba&lt;/i&gt; which is the Latin taxonomy for the guar bean or cluster bean. &lt;b&gt;Guar gum&lt;/b&gt; is the ground endosperm of the seeds. Approximately 85% of guar gum is &lt;b&gt;guaran&lt;/b&gt;, a water soluble polysaccharide consisting of linear chains of mannose with 1β&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;4 linkages to which galactose units are attached with 1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;6 linkages. The ratio of mannose to galactose is 2:1. Guar gum has five to eight times the thickening power of starch and has many uses in the pharmaceutical industry, as a food stabilizer, and as a source of dietary fiber. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/guaran.gif" alt="Guaran" width="289" height="207" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Guaran is the principal polysaccharide in guar gum.      &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;     &lt;!-- guar gum --&gt;  &lt;iframe src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=scientificpsy-20&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;p=8&amp;amp;l=as1&amp;amp;asins=B00015UC5M&amp;amp;fc1=000000&amp;amp;IS2=1&amp;amp;lt1=_blank&amp;amp;m=amazon&amp;amp;lc1=0000FF&amp;amp;bc1=000000&amp;amp;bg1=FFFFFF&amp;amp;f=ifr" style="width: 120px; height: 240px;" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!-- google_ad_client = "pub-4856217613373849"; google_ad_width = 300; google_ad_height = 250; google_ad_format = "300x250_as"; google_ad_type = "text_image"; google_ad_channel =""; google_color_border = "FFFFFF"; google_color_bg = "FFFFFF"; google_color_link = "0000FF"; google_color_url = "000000"; google_color_text = "000000"; //--&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt; &lt;/script&gt;&lt;script&gt;google_protectAndRun("ads_core.google_render_ad", google_handleError, google_render_ad);&lt;/script&gt;&lt;ins style="border: medium none ; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; display: inline-table; height: 250px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 300px;"&gt;&lt;ins style="border: medium none ; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; display: block; height: 250px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 300px;"&gt;&lt;iframe allowtransparency="true" hspace="0" id="google_ads_frame2" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="google_ads_frame" src="http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-4856217613373849&amp;amp;format=300x250_as&amp;amp;output=html&amp;amp;h=250&amp;amp;w=300&amp;amp;lmt=1260130915&amp;amp;ad_type=text_image&amp;amp;color_bg=FFFFFF&amp;amp;color_border=FFFFFF&amp;amp;color_link=0000FF&amp;amp;color_text=000000&amp;amp;color_url=000000&amp;amp;flash=10.0.32&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificpsychic.com%2Ffitness%2Fcarbohydrates2.html&amp;amp;dt=1262592867282&amp;amp;prev_fmts=300x250_as&amp;amp;correlator=1262592867174&amp;amp;frm=0&amp;amp;ga_vid=2101029157.1262592867&amp;amp;ga_sid=1262592867&amp;amp;ga_hid=1702824730&amp;amp;ga_fc=0&amp;amp;u_tz=420&amp;amp;u_his=7&amp;amp;u_java=1&amp;amp;u_h=768&amp;amp;u_w=1024&amp;amp;u_ah=738&amp;amp;u_aw=1024&amp;amp;u_cd=32&amp;amp;u_nplug=21&amp;amp;u_nmime=105&amp;amp;biw=1007&amp;amp;bih=578&amp;amp;ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificpsychic.com%2Ffitness%2Fcarbohydrates1.html&amp;amp;fu=0&amp;amp;ifi=2&amp;amp;dtd=7&amp;amp;xpc=eNNpGBrZrZ&amp;amp;p=http%3A//www.scientificpsychic.com" style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; top: 0pt;" vspace="0" width="300" frameborder="0" height="250" scrolling="no"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;h3&gt;Pectin&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Pectin is a polysaccharide that acts as a cementing material in the cell walls of all plant tissues. The white portion of the rind of lemons and oranges contains approximately 30% pectin. Pectin is the methylated ester of polygalacturonic acid, which consists of chains of 300 to 1000 galacturonic acid units joined  with 1α&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;4 linkages. The Degree of Esterification (DE) affects the gelling properties of pectin. The structure shown here has three methyl ester forms (&lt;b&gt;-COOCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;) for every  two carboxyl groups (&lt;b&gt;-COOH&lt;/b&gt;), hence it is has a 60% degree of esterification, normally called a DE-60 pectin. Pectin is an important ingredient of fruit preserves, jellies, and jams. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/pectin.gif" alt="Pectin" width="543" height="104" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pectin is a polymer of α-Galacturonic acid with a variable number of methyl ester groups.      &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;     &lt;!-- pectin --&gt; &lt;iframe src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=scientificpsy-20&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;p=8&amp;amp;l=as1&amp;amp;asins=B001E560U4&amp;amp;fc1=000000&amp;amp;IS2=1&amp;amp;lt1=_blank&amp;amp;m=amazon&amp;amp;lc1=0000FF&amp;amp;bc1=000000&amp;amp;bg1=FFFFFF&amp;amp;f=ifr" style="width: 120px; height: 240px;" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;h3&gt;Xanthan Gum&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;  Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide with a β-&lt;span style=""&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;-glucose backbone like cellulose,  but every second glucose unit is attached to  a trisaccharide consisting of mannose, glucuronic acid, and mannose. The mannose closest to the backbone has an acetic acid ester on carbon 6, and the  mannose at the end of the trisaccharide is linked through carbons 6 and 4 to the second  carbon of pyruvic acid. Xanthan Gum is produced by the bacterium &lt;i&gt;Xanthomonas campestris&lt;/i&gt;, which is found on cruciferous  vegetables such as cabbage and cauliflower. The negatively charged carboxyl groups on the side chains cause the molecules to form very viscous fluids when mixed with water.  Xanthan gum is used as a thickener for sauces, to prevent ice crystal  formation in ice cream, and as a low-calorie substitute for fat. Xanthan gum is frequently mixed with guar gum because the viscosity of the combination is greater than when either one is used alone.  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="center"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/xanthan.gif" alt="Xanthan Gum" width="431" height="295" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The repeating unit of Xanthan Gum     &lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;     &lt;!-- xanthan gum --&gt;  &lt;iframe src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=scientificpsy-20&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;p=8&amp;amp;l=as1&amp;amp;asins=B0001ZRHDM&amp;amp;fc1=000000&amp;amp;IS2=1&amp;amp;lt1=_blank&amp;amp;m=amazon&amp;amp;lc1=0000FF&amp;amp;bc1=000000&amp;amp;bg1=FFFFFF&amp;amp;f=ifr" style="width: 120px; height: 240px;" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;h3&gt;Glucomannan&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt; Glucomannan is a dietary fiber obtained from tubers of &lt;i&gt;Amorphophallus konjac&lt;/i&gt; cultivated in Asia. Flour from the konjac tubers is used to make Japanese shirataki noodles, also called konnyaku noodles,  which are very low in calories. Glucomannan is used as a hunger suppressant because it produces a feeling of fullness by creating very viscous solutions that retard absorption of the nutrients in food.   One gram of this soluble polysaccharide can absorb up to 200 ml of water, so it is also used for absorbent articles such as disposable diapers and sanitary napkins.  The polysaccharide consists of glucose (G) and mannose (M)  in a proportion of 5:8 joined by 1β&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;4 linkages. The basic polymeric repeating unit has the pattern: GGMMGMMMMMGGM.  Short side chains of 11-16 monosaccharides occur at intervals of 50-60 units of the main chain attached  by 1β&lt;span style="font-size:1px;"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;3 linkages.  Also, acetate groups on carbon 6 occur at every 9-19 units of the main chain.  Hydrolysis of the acetate groups favors the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds that are responsible for the gelling action. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/glucomannan.gif" alt="Glucomannan" width="447" height="104" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A portion (GGMM) of the glucomannan repeating unit.&lt;br /&gt;The second glucose has an acetate group.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;function and clasification&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id="result_box" class="long_text"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Fungsi utama karbohidrat adalah sebagai sumber biokalori dalam bahan makanan, disamping itu juga sebagai bahan pengental atau GMC pada teknologi makanan sebagai bahan penstabil, bahan pemanis (sukrosa, glukosa, fruktosa) dan bahan bakar, misalnya pada glukosa dan pati dan sebagai penyusun struktur sel," onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;The main function is as a source of carbohydrates in food biokalori, besides that, also as a thickening or GMC in food technology as a stabilizer, sweetener (sucrose, glucose, fructose) and fuel, such as the glucose and starch, and as a constituent cell structure, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="misalnya selulosa dan khitin." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;such as cellulose and khitin. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="(Sudarmadji, 1996)" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;(Sudarmadji, 1996)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Karbohidrat mempunyai peranan penting dalam menentukan karakteristik bahan makanan seperti rasa, warna dan tekstur." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;Carbohydrates have an important role in determining food characteristics such as taste, color and texture. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Sedangkan fungsi karbohidrat di dalam tubuh adalah:" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;While the function of carbohydrates in the body are:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="1." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;1. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Fungsi utamanya sebagai sumber energi ( 1 gram karbohidrat menghasilkan 4 kalori ) bagi kebutuhan sel-sel jaringan tubuh." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;Its main function as a source of energy (1 gram of carbohydrate produces 4 calories) for the needs of tissue cells of the body. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Sebagian dari karbohidrat diubah langsung menjadi energi untuk aktifitas tubuh, dan sebagian lagi disimpan dalam bentuk glikogen di hati dan otot." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;Some of carbohydrates changed directly into energy for body activities, and partly in the form of glycogen stored in the liver and muscles. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Ada beberapa jaringan tubuh seperti sistem syaraf dan eritrosit hanya dapat menggunakan energi yang berasal dari karbohidrat saja." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;There are several body tissues such as the nervous system and red blood cells can only use the energy derived from carbohydrates alone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="2." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;2. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Melindungi protein agar tidak terbakar sebagai penghasil energi." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;Proteins to protect not burned as energy producers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="3." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;3. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Kebutuhan tubuh akan energi merupakan prioritas pertama, bila karbohidrat yang dikonsumsi tidak mencukupi untuk kebutuhan energi tubuh dan jika tidak cukup terdapat lemak di dalam makanan atau cadangan lemak yang disimpan di dalam tubuh, maka protein akan menggantikan fungsi karbohidrat sebagai penghasil energi." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;Body's need for energy is the first priority, when carbohydrate intake is insufficient for the body's energy needs and if there is not enough fat in the food or stored fat reserves in the body, it will replace the function of proteins as energy-producing carbohydrates. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Dengan demikian protein akan meninggalkan fungsi utamanya sebagai zat pembangun." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;Thus the protein will leave its main function as a building material. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Apabila keadaan ini berlangsung terus-menerus, maka keadaan kekurangan energi dan protein (KEP) tidak dapat dihindari lagi." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;If this situation continuous, then the state of energy and protein deficiency (KEP) can not be avoided anymore.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="4." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;4. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Membantu metabolisme lemak dan protein, dengan demikian dapat mencegah terjadinya ketosis dan pemecahan protein yang berlebihan." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;Helps metabolize fats and proteins, thereby preventing the occurrence of ketosis, and excessive protein breakdown.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="5." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;5. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Di dalam hepar berfungsi untuk detoksifikasi zat-zat toksik tertentu." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;In the liver function to detoxify toxic substances specific.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="6." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;6. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Beberapa jenis karbohidrat mempunyai fungsi khusus di dalam tubuh." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;Several types of carbohydrates have a special function in the body. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Laktosa misalnya berfungsi membantu penyerapan kalsium." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;Lactose such as working to help the absorption of calcium. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Ribosa merupakan komponen yang penting dalam asam nukleat." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;Ribose is an essential component in nucleic acids.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="7." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;7. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Selain itu beberapa golongan karbohidrat yang tidak dapat dicerna, mengandung serat (dietary fiber) berguna untuk pencernaan, seperti selulosa, pektin dan lignin." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;In addition some carbohydrate groups that can not be digested, contains fiber (dietary fiber) are useful for digestion, such as cellulose, pectin and lignin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Ada beberapa klasifikasi karbohidrat, klasifikasi berdasarkan kemampuan tubuh mencernanya dan klasifikasi berdasarkan banyak gula penyusun." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;There are several classifications of carbohydrates, classification based on the body's ability to digest and classification based on a lot of sugar constituent. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Berdasarkan kemampuan tubuh mencerna karbohidrat, karbohidrat diklasifikasikan menjadi karbohidrat yang dapat dicerna dan tidak dapat dicerna." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;Based on the body's ability to digest carbohydrates, carbohydrates are classified into carbohydrates that can be digested and not digested. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Sedangkan klasifikasi karbohidrat berdasarkan banyaknya gula penyusunnya menjadi monosakarida, disakarida, oligosakarida dan polisakarida." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;While classification based on the number of carbohydrates into sugar constituent monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Sedangkan berdasarkan kompleksitasnya akhir-akhir ini karbohidrat dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu kerbohidrat sederhana (Mono, Di, Oligosakarida) dan karbohidrat kompleks (Pati, Non Starch Polysacharide (NSP) dan Resistant Starch)." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;While based on the complexity of late carbohydrates are divided into two simple kerbohidrat (Mono, Di, oligosaccharide) and complex carbohydrates (starch, Starch Non Polysacharide (NSP) and resistant starch).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uYINNZNc9uw/STntz4tR3-I/AAAAAAAAAEY/UlbB8nD2esU/s320/Graphic1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 243px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uYINNZNc9uw/STntz4tR3-I/AAAAAAAAAEY/UlbB8nD2esU/s320/Graphic1.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;source&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.republika.co.id/images/news/2009/06/20090612141951.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 325px; height: 240px;" src="http://www.republika.co.id/images/news/2009/06/20090612141951.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"  &gt;SUMBER KARBOHIDRAT: Asupan makanan dengan kandungan karbohidrat tinggi seperti roti tawar, mie dan nasi sebaiknya dibatasi. Jika berlebih, bisa memicu serangan jantung.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id="result_box" class="long_text"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="Sedangkan berdasarkan kompleksitasnya akhir-akhir ini karbohidrat dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu kerbohidrat sederhana (Mono, Di, Oligosakarida) dan karbohidrat kompleks (Pati, Non Starch Polysacharide (NSP) dan Resistant Starch)." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7285007911490161484-8253601839545465781?l=ujungdaun.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/feeds/8253601839545465781/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2010/01/digestion-system.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/8253601839545465781'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/8253601839545465781'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2010/01/digestion-system.html' title='Carbohydrates'/><author><name>fajri arfan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01412068473176801321</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxiqOtntjWI/AAAAAAAAAAY/sFl72KxTZy8/S220/7021_1112521907151_1650005463_30380775_7503692_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uYINNZNc9uw/STntz4tR3-I/AAAAAAAAAEY/UlbB8nD2esU/s72-c/Graphic1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7285007911490161484.post-7194445677007525422</id><published>2009-12-30T05:37:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-03T23:30:04.212-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='knowledge'/><title type='text'>4 Kejadian Aneh di Dunia</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;4 Kejadian Aneh di Dunia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div id="post_message_498537"&gt; &lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Di dunia ini banyak sekali terjadi berbagai fenomena unik yang terkadang sangat sulit dijelaskan oleh logika, bahkan sampai sekarang juga banyak sekali kejadian yang tidak bisa dijelaskan oleh logika. Diantara kejadian tersbut, terdapat empat kejadian, yang direkam di dunia modern (setidaknya sampai pada tahun 1518), dan semua kejadian ini sama sekali tidak dapat dijelaskan oleh logika.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Kematian Akibat Menari&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://upload.kapanlagi.com/h/20090707164621_Tarian_Kematian_vidaserendipity_4a53196d17b97.jpg" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://upload.kapanlagi.com/images/thumb/20090707164621_Tarian_Kematian_vidaserendipity_4a53196d17b97-t.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Juli 1518, seorang wanita yang disebut bernama Frau Troffea berjalan di salah satu jalan sempit di Strasbourg, Prancis, dan mulai menarikan tarian yang berlangsung sekitar empat atau enam hari berturut-turut. Di akhir minggu, 34 orang ikut serta dengan tariannya, dan dalam sebulan, peserta tarian aneh bin ajaib ini mencapai 400 orang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para pejabat menyarankan untuk "menari lebih sering" untuk menyembuhkan para penari, tapi pada akhir musim panas, lusian orang di kota Alsatian meninggal karena serangan jantung, stroke, kelelahan karena tarian yang tidak berhenti sama sekali. Selama beberapa abad, kejadian aneh yang disebut sebagai wabah menari atau Epidemi 1518, sama sekali tidak dapat dijelaskan oleh berbagai ilmuwan mengenai apa yang menyebabkan terjadinya tarian kematian yang aneh dan ajaib ini.&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Wabah Tawa Tanganyika&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://upload.kapanlagi.com/h/20090707164621_Wabah_Tawauphaa_4a53196d1c968.jpg" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://upload.kapanlagi.com/images/thumb/20090707164621_Wabah_Tawauphaa_4a53196d1c968-t.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mungkin kejadian paling aneh yang berhasil di dokumentasikan dalam penyakit psikogenik massal ini adalah Wabah Tawa Tanganyika pada 1962. Kejadian lengkap atas kondisi ini digambarkan dalam paper yang diterbitkan pada Central African Journal of Medicine yang diterbitkan pada 1963. Wabah ini dimulai dengan adanya becandaan antara para mahasiswa di salah satu asrama di Tanzania, dan dari hal itu, seorang remaja putri mulai tertawa tanpa kendali. Pertama hanya ada sedikit tawa, yang kemudian makin lama makin panjang, dari sekedar jam, sampai berhari-hari.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Korban wabah ini, yang hampir semuanya adalah wanita, akhirnya mengalami kesakitan, pingsan, masalah pernapasan, gatal-gatal dan bahkan menangis, yang semuanya muncul akibat tawa histeris. Bahkan wabah tawa ini menular ke orang tua para mahasiswa, juga sampai ke sekolah lain dan bahkan ke desa sekitarnya. Dibutuhkan waktu 18 bulan lamanya sebelum wabah tertawa ini berhenti total.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Hujan Binatang&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://upload.kapanlagi.com/h/20090707164621_Hujan_Ikan__nuestrolimacom_4a53196d12d31.jpg" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://upload.kapanlagi.com/images/thumb/20090707164621_Hujan_Ikan__nuestrolimacom_4a53196d12d31-t.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kejadian unik ini mungkin adalah kejadian paling banyak ditemui di dunia. Hujan burung, kelelawar, ikan, bahkan cacing dan berudu sudah dilaporkan dari beberapa penjuru dunia. Para ilmuwan melaporkan bahwa kemungkinan besar ada badai dengan kecepatan tinggi dan angin puting beliung yang melewati air, dan menyedot hewan ini, kemudian dijatuhkan di tempat yang jauh. Hampir selama satu abad ini, para penduduk Honduras selama hampir sabad ini merayakan apa yang disebut Lluvia de Peces (Hujan Ikan) setiap tahunnya. Ikan ini dipercaya disedot dari laut dan dijatuhkan 140 mil ke daratan atau mungkin ikan tersebut disedot dari semacam sumber air bawah tahan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Sungai Paling Terpolusi di India tiba-tiba menjadi 'manis'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://upload.kapanlagi.com/h/20090707164621_Air_Manis__uphaa_4a53196d0dee7.jpg" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://upload.kapanlagi.com/images/thumb/20090707164621_Air_Manis__uphaa_4a53196d0dee7-t.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2006, Air laut yang masuk ke Mumbai, tiba-tiba berubah rasa menjadi manis, dan fenomena ini di'temukan' oleh beberapa penduduku Mumbai yang tiba-tiba merasakan air di Sungai Mahim Creek, salah satu sungai paling terpolusi di India, yang menerima ribuan ton limbah mentah dan limbah industri setiap hari-nya tiba-tiba menjadi manis. Selama beberapa jam, penduduk Gujarat mengatakan bahwa air laut di pantai Teethal juga berubah manis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dewan Pengendali Polusi Maharashtra (The Maharashtra Pollution Control Board) telah mengeluarkan peringatan agar tidak ada penduduk yang meninum air yang ada, tapi tetap saja banyak orang mengumpulkan air tersebut dalam botol-botol, walaupun banyak sampah dan plastik yang ikut terhanyut dalam arus yang ada. Sekitar jam 2 pagi keesokan harinya, para penduduk yang berjaga mulai mengakui bahwa air yang tadinya manis berubah asin kembali.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.uphaa.com/" target="_blank"&gt;www.uphaa.com&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;   &lt;!-- / message --&gt;                  &lt;!-- sig --&gt;         __________________&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7285007911490161484-7194445677007525422?l=ujungdaun.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/feeds/7194445677007525422/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/4-kejadian-aneh-di-dunia.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/7194445677007525422'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/7194445677007525422'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/4-kejadian-aneh-di-dunia.html' title='4 Kejadian Aneh di Dunia'/><author><name>fajri arfan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01412068473176801321</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxiqOtntjWI/AAAAAAAAAAY/sFl72KxTZy8/S220/7021_1112521907151_1650005463_30380775_7503692_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7285007911490161484.post-458416475194500491</id><published>2009-12-30T05:33:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-12-30T05:36:08.464-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='knowledge'/><title type='text'>10 Kisah Wanita Psikopat Yang Menggetarkan Dunia !!</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;10 Kisah Wanita Psikopat Yang Menggetarkan Dunia !!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Sudah kodratnya, wanita digambarkan sebagai manusia lemah lembut dan penyayang, karena itu kalau ada wanita berprilaku di luar dari ‘garis' itu, dianggap sebagai penyimpangan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:Black;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berikut ini daftar wanita-wanita tersadis di dunia berdasarkan kekejian dan jumlah korban yg dibunuh&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color:Red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:Red;"&gt;1. Belle Sorenson Gunness -Korban: 42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:_mdDiE6ABFX2OM:http://s2.excoboard.com/forums/15776/user/292311/425508.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:Black;"&gt;Dari 10 nama perempuan tersadis di dunia, Belle Sorens Gunness, berada di peringat pertama. Wanita ini dinilai super sadis yang membunuh para korbannya demi memuaskan kesenangan dan keserakahannya. Diperkirakan Belle telah membunuh 42 korban. Yang mengerikan, wanita ini membabat korbannya karena keserakahannya pada harta benda. Beberapa sejarawan mengatakan, Belle juga telah membunuh dua anaknya dengan cara meracuni mereka hanya agar bisa mengklaim uang asuransi atas nama dua anaknya. Kematian anak-anaknya dilaporkan sebagai disebabkan oleh serangan kolitis, tapi gejala gangguan ini sangat mirip dengan keracunan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Padahal kalau mau dilihat, Belle bukanlah wanita yg hidup miskin dan berkekuarang. Ia lahir di Norwegia, ia pindah ke Amerika Serikat, dan menikah dengan seorang pengusaha di Chicago. Otak liciknya, dan kegilaannya akan uang membuat ia membakar bisnis keluarganya, lalu mengklaim asuransi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tidak berhenti sampai situ, ia juga dicurigai berada di balik kematian suaminya yang aneh, dengan motivasi uang asuransi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Belle menjerat laki-laki paruh baya dengan pura-pura jatuh cinta, namun ketika mereka terjerat, si laki-laki akan bertemu ‘maut'. Biasanya, lewat kecelakaan-kecelakaan yang aneh. Ia menikah lagi dan lagi, dengan laki-laki kesepian, mereka tak menyadari di balik pesonannya dia adalah pembunuh berdarah dingin. Dia bisa dengan tenang sambil tersenyum pada korbannya, saat menyusun rencana pembunuhan. Tak heran ketika kasus ini terungkap banyak meragukan apakah Bella benar-benar ‘manusia' atau penjelmaan setan di bumi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lalu dunia pun heboh ketika menumukan 42 kerangka terkubur di sekitar rumahnya. Dari para korban ini Bella sukses mengumpulkan uang lebih dari seperempat juta dolar. Suatu ketika, tubuhnya ditemukan dalam kondisi mengenaskan, kepalanya terpenggal dan tubuh hangus terbakar. Siapa yng memperlakukannya dengan sadis? Apakah hal ini karena balas dendam. Tentang penemuan mayat mengerikan ini masih kontroversi, apakah benar dia adalah Belle atau wanita lain. Namun yg pasti sejak kasus penemuan mayat aneh itu, Belle tidak pernah muncul lagi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:Black;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:Black;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;2.Jane Toppan - Korban: 31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:7mFAIG6iok9jrM:http://www.bloggersbase.com/images/uploaded/original/1cdd85121ecae9a5e326af7c37f04366beae1a88.jpeg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kasus ini sungguh mengerikan karena terjadi di rumah sakit. Perawat yang ‘memangsa' pasien-pasien yang sakit dan lemah. Konon si perawat yang berbadan kekar itu, punya masalah trauma masa kecil sehingga ia berubah menjadi wanita kejam. Jane, begitu nama perawat sadis ini, memiliki seorang ayah yang gila, dia tumbuh besar di panti asuhan di Boston, dan berubah menjadi pribadi yg kasar. Lalu dia dipungut anak oleh orangtua asuh.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hidup miskin bersama orangtua angkatnya membuat gangguan kejiwaannya makin parah..Menariknya, ia berhasil menyelesaikan sekolah perawatnya, dan mulai bekerja sebagai perawat di rumah sakit. Ternyata ia senang dengan kegiatan barunya itu, dan dia mendapat julukan "Jolly Jane". Yang menyenangkan baginya adalah, bukan karena dia bisa merawat orang sakit, melainkan, melakukan kegiatan seksual dengan pasien-pasien yang sakit yang telah diberi semacam obat olehnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prilaku Jane ini nyaris seperti memperkosa pasien-pasiennya yang secara tak sadar melakukan aktivitas seksual karena pengaruh obat. Yang mengerikan, setelah itu, ia pun membunuh para korbannya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sering kali, dia mendatangi korbannya yang sedang tidur dan mencabulinya. Pasien yang dipilih adalah yang lemah dan sanggup melawan tubuh kekarnya. Kebrutalan Jane dalam seks lalu membunuh ini, akhirnya terungkap setelah ia membunuh 11 pasien pada 1885. Ternyata setelah ditahan pun nafsu membunuh Jane tidak berhenti. Ia mengaku telah membunuh 31 orang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dan dia merasa bangga akan apa yang telah dilakukannya. Namanya tercatat dalam sejarah sebagai salah satu orang yang paling banyak membunuh orang-dalam kondisi korban tak berdaya seperti sakit --- dibanding lelaki maupun perempuan manapun di dunia. Di pengadilan, Jane dibebaskan karena ia menderita gangguan jiwa dan ia hidup di Taunton Insane Asylum.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;3.Countess Elizabeth Bathory - Multiple Korban (Mandi darah korban untuk awet muda)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:mOCTSe0iKIfPDM:http://cdn.buzznet.com/assets/imgx/1/3/2/4/9/4/orig-132494.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Dikenal sebagai The Blood Countess. Hal ini karena prilaku anehnya yang hobi membunuh wanita-wanita muda dengan alasan darah mereka bisa membuatnya awet muda. Jadi setelah membunuh, darah para korbannya dia tampung di sebuah tempat, kemudian dipakainya untuk mandi. Dia berkeyakinan darah wanita muda, dapat membuatnya awet muda. Ngeri! Wanita berdarah dingin ini sungguh mengalami gangguan jiwa yang parah. Kadang, dia bukan hanya membunuh satu korban dalam satu kesempatan, tapi beberapa sekaligus. Suatu ketika saat tubuhnya yang telanjang masih berlumuran darah (mandi darah) lalu dia menyuruh korbannya yang lain menjilati sekujur tubuhnya yang masih penuh darah. Dari sanalah si wanita aneh ini mendapat sensasi seks. Ya, selain nafsu membunuh, di sini juga ada nafsu seks dari perempuan jahanan itu. Mungkin inilah kisah nyata horror yg paling mengerikan sepanjang sejarah. Dia begitu suka pada darah, seolah melihat darah membangkitkan gairah sexnya. Dia dijuluki wanita vampire dalam kehidupan nyata. Karena dalam kesehariannya dia mempraktekkan kisah-kisah vampire yang haus darah. Rumor kisah Bram Stoker's Dracula diduga didasari dengan kisah mengerikan ini. Teror ini terjadi di Kerajaan Hongaria (sekarang Slovakia).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bagaimana cara Elisabeth pemangsa mengaet korbannya? Konon, ia mencari mangsanya di desa-desa, umumnya adalah wanita wanita cantik dan berusia muda. Kepada mereka ia menjanjikan pekerjaan di istana. Mereka yang terpikat dengan mudah percaya dengan janji wanita bangsawan itu, dan mengikutinya ke istana. Ternyata sampai di sana mereka pun di penjara di bawah tanah. Mereka pun satu demi satu disembelih Elisabeth yg menggunakan darahnya untuk mandi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Konon, suaminya, Ferenc Nádasdy, diduga mengetahui kejahatan istrinya, bahkan dia pun kabarnya ikut terlibat. Bahkan dia memberikan hadian bagi istrinya sebuat kastil yang digunakan sebagai tempat penyiksaan dan pembunuhan para wanita muda yg malang.&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;4. Rosemary West -10 (mungkin lebih)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:aqvrKWOlO67YiM:http://scan.net.au/scan/journal/images/1104/west.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Namanya begitu terkenal, digambarkan sebagai wanita paling jahat. Korbannya dipilih secara acak di jalanan, mereka adalah orang orang muda yang begitu naïf dan percaya bahwa Rose akan member mereka makanan, penginapan dan pakaian. Sungguh sialah nasih para gadis muda yang dapat dikecohkan oleh Rose. Karena begitu mereka mengikuti Rose, maka mimpi buruk akan menyertai hidup mereka sampai akhir hayat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rose adalah seorang ibu dengan delapan orang anak. Dia adalah seorang pelacur bejat yang sangat sadis, bahkan dalam prilaku seksual pun ia sangat menyukai permainan seks yang dikombinasikan dengan penganiayaan. Nyatanya, Rose tidak sendiri dalam melakukan pembunuhan, bersama suami keduanya, ia membunuh 10 orang, termasuk anak perempuannya bernama Heather.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rose adalah produk dari pelecehan seksual dan kekerasan yang dialami saat masih kanak-kanak. Trauma itu begitu dalam membuat jiwa nya terganggu dan akhirnya berprilaku sadis. Pasangan ini sebelum membunuh biasanya memperkosa korbannya terlebih dahulu. Dan semua itu dilakukan mereka di rumahnya di 25 Croamwell Street. Pada masa itu dilaporkan banyak gadis gadis muda yang hilang tak tentu rimbanya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dilaporkan bahwa mereka mengaku kira-kira telah membunuh sekitar 20 orang gadis muda, bisa jadi lebih karena Rose kadang melakukan pembunuhan sendiri. Sejauh ini banyak kasus pembunuhan atau hilangnya gadis gadis muda di Gloucester, Inggris, bisa jadi ini adalah perbuatan Rose dan pasangannya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;5. Aileen Wuornos - Korban: 8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:gfMTbTRcDhSp1M:http://ninac.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/blit0004.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Masa kanak-kanak yang mengerikan ditandai dengan pengabaian dan inses menyesatkan jiwa muda Aileen Wuornos, sehingga mengubahnya menjadi mesin pembunuh. Pada usia 13 tahun dia mengalami pelecehan seksual sampai akhirnya hamil. Anak itu kemudian diberikan pada orang lain untuk diadopsi. Usia 15 tahun dia diusir dari rumah kakeknya. Sejak itu telah muncul tanda tanda gangguan jiwa pada diri Aileen yang antisocial.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dia pun melakukan serangkaian kejahatan seperti pelanggaran hokum, perampokan toko dengan bersenjata, lalu dia nekad menikah kakek usia 70 tahun yang justru dia jadikan obyek pelecehan. Setelah itu ia bertemu dengan wanita pelacur yang ternyata seorang lesbian. Maka jadilah ia berpasangan dengan pelacur lesbian itu. Kekasihnya bernama Tyria yang bekerja sebagai pelacur untuk mendapatkan uang bagi kehidupan mereka berdua. Awalnya Aileen pun mencari uang dengan cara menjual diri di jalan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Namun perlakuan kasar dan keras didapatnya saat hari pertama berpraktek sebagai pelacur. Laki-laki itu justru memperkosanya secara brutal. Aileen melawan akhirnya membunuh laki-laki itu. Inilah korban pertamanya. Ternyata, dia mengaku menikmati saat membunuh. Ada sesuatu yang menyenangkan hatinya saat membunuh. Tapi awalnya dia mengaku bahwa dia membunuh karena membela diri. Sejak itu, ia menjadi ketagihan membunuh. Setidaknya dia telah membunuh delapan laki-laki, tujuh di antaranya berasal dari Florida.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pembunuhan itu umumnya dilakukan pada korban-korban yang digaetnya saat dia menjajakan diri. Kasus Aileen ini sempat difilmkan tahun 2003 dengan judul "Monster" ini merupakan film psikologi bagaimana seorang wanita cantik bertransformasi menjadi pembunuh mengerikan. Sebelum dieksekusi, Aileen sempat marah, dia menyerang media, pengacara juga masyarakat, yang membuat hidupnya menjadi seperti itu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;6. Andrea Yates -Korban: 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:KpkfAzonmHqWxM:http://www.watchmanscry.com/images/yates.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kadang-kadang, penyakit mental yang berat dapat memainkan peran dalam kejahatan serius. Gangguan kepribadian seperti narsisisme sering hadir, tapi, ada banyak penyakit serius, seperti skizofrenia, yang menyebabkan penderita mendengar suara-suara aneh dan ikuti petunjuk yang didengarnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dalam kasus Andrea Yates yang membunuh kelima anaknya dengan menenggelamkan mereka di bak mandi, adalah karena menderita salah satu penyakit mental yang serius.Dari semua perempuan dalam daftar, ia tampaknya yang paling mungkin secara klinis gila.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Andrea Yates tidak didiagnosis sebagai skizofrenia, tapi ia menderita penyakit mental serius. Ia menderita kelainan parah pasca melahirkan. Depresi dan usaha bunuh diri. Apalagi kemudian secara berturut turut dia kembali melahirkan, yg membuatnya makin parah. Suaminya, seorang menteri, Rusty, begitu ingin memiliki banyak anak, seolah tak peduli kondisi istrinya. Sampai akhirnya Andrea menjadi tak terkendali dan membunuh semua anaknya. Psikiater Andrea menyalahkan suaminya karena dialah yang memicu tragedy ini terjadi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saat kejadian, Rusty, tidak tahu kalau Andrea saat itu berada dalam kondisi parah. Biasanya dia menyiapkan seseorang untuk membantu Andrea dalam mengurus anak-anaknya, tapi kali itu tidak. Dia membiarkan Andrea sendiri bersama anak-anaknya. Dalam situasi depresi yg tinggi, Andrea pun memutuskan mengakhiri hidup anak anaknya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dalam waktu singkat, Andrea pun menenggelamkan kelima anaknya, setelah itu dia melapor ke 911 mengatakan bahwa dirinya telah melakukan kejahatan. Saat wawancara setelah perbuatannya itu, dia mengaku, sengaja mengakhiri hidup anak-anaknya untuk menghindari dari dosa. Dan yang terbaik adalah membunuh mereka. &lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;7. Beverly Allitt - Korban: 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:U2YoC2PmzKjVIM:http://i.telegraph.co.uk/telegraph/multimedia/archive/00653/news-graphics-2007-_653213a.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dijuluki sebagai "Malaikat Maut". Pembunuh berantai ini kelahiran Inggris. Beverly Allitt adalah seorang perawat terdaftar yang menyalahgunakan posisinya untuk hasratnya membantai anak-anak yang tak berdosa. Korban korbannya disuntik kalium klorida atau insulin, agar dapat menyebabkan serangan jantung.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seperti banyak serial pembunuh, wanita ini melakukan pembunuhan dengan cepat. Dalam waktu singkat, ia menyerang 13 anak di bangsal, dan membunuh empat di antaranya. Serangan ini semua terjadi dalam periode dua minggu. Anak-anak yang jadi korbannya berusia antara 5-7 tahun, usia di mana mereka tidak bisa berbuat banyak untuk menyelamatkan nyawanya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ketika kasus ini terungkap, psikiater menyimpulkan, ia menderita gangguan kesehatan mental aneh yang dikenal sebagai Sindrom Munchausen by proxy, yang menyebabkan dia terluka dan membunuh anak-anak dalam rangka untuk mendapatkan perhatian dari orang lain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Atas perbuatannya, dia mendapat hukuman seumur hidup, namun ditempatkan di RS Jiwa dengan maximum Security. Di rumah sakit itu juga dihuni oleh pasien pasien criminal yang menderita sakit jiwa serius. Keluarga-keluarga pasien yang dibunuhnya telah mengancam akan membunuh dirinya jika ia bebas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;8. Karla Homolka -Korban: 3, asal Kanada. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:63PamyJ20L7CIM:http://www.vanceholmes.com/court/homolka_2005.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wanita berambut pirang ini dikenal karena sangat suka membantai sesame wanita, termasuk adik wanitanya. Kasus Karla ini digambarkan sebagai salah satu kasus pembunuhan berantai paling mengerikan yang dilakukan oleh seorang wanita. Terhdap para wanita korbannya, dia tidak langsung membunuh, tapi sebelumnya ia membius mereka, kemudian diperkosa lalu dibantai.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Salah satunya adalah adiknya sendiri yang tewas setelah dibius Karla. Saat tertangkap, Karla berniat meringankan hukumannya dengan cara mengajukan penawaran kepada pihak berwenang bahwa dia akan member semua informasi dalam kasus itu, namun dengan syarat mendapat keringanan hukuman. Kepada polisi dia menyatakan, suaminya, Paulus, ikut terlibat dalam kejahatan itu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Namun sang suami membantah, dia mengatakan, Karla sendiri lah yang melakukan semua pembunuhan itu. Karla mengaku dia melakukan itu semua karena ditekan suaminya, yang mengancam melakukan itu atau mati. Dan dia tidak punya pilihan lain selain ikut serta dalam ‘permainan' suaminya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Banyak orang yg marah dan jijik dengan pembelaan dirinya itu. Kasus ini menjadi perdebatan menarik seputar masalah psikologi pelaku dan motivasi sebenarnya. Lalu terungkap bahwa gangguan kejiwaan itu karena kehidupan perkimpoiannya yang tertekan, di mana dia merasa disia-siakan suaminya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yang menarik, Karla, si pembunuh berdarah dingin, selama di penjara mengikuti kuliah kelas jauh, dan berhasil lulus sebagai sarjana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;9. Susan Smith - Korban: 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:7KALCX1mkC0L4M:http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VizIrBQwA8w/SQMoPmYyVJI/AAAAAAAAFXw/F45YwG_3Y68/s400/susmithmug.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gangguan jiwa Susan terlihat parah setelah kematian dua anaknya yang masih berusia belia, Michael dan Alex. Tapi pemicu gangguan jiwa yang terkendali itu adalah kekasihnya, Tom, yang sangat dicintainya yang memutuskan hubungan mereka begitu saja. Susan yang frustasi, lantas mengendarai mobil dan membawa dua anaknya yang masih kecil ke tepi danau di South Carolina.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lalu dia keluar dari mobil yang berada di atas, kemudian menyetel mobilnya dalam posisi tanpa rem sehingga bisa berjalan sendiri. Dua bocah cilik itu berada di dalam. Setelah melepaskan rem, mobil berjalan pelan pelan, dia hanya mengawasi dari luar. Lalu mobil bersama dua anaknya yang tengah tidur di jok belakang, terjun ke dalam danau.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah itu, seperti adegan yang sudah diatur, dia pura-pura histeris dan melapor pada polisi tentang kejadian itu. Ia mengatakan pada polisi ada orang jahat yang melakukan itu. Tapi semua kebohongannya ini akhirnya berhasil diungkap polisi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Susan mengalami gangguan jiwa setelah trauma yang dialaminya pada masa kanak-kanak dui mana ia mengalami pelecehan seksual dan inses. Mungkin trauma ini begitu kuat tertancap sehingga mengubah kepribadiannya, ia menjadi sangat narsis dan mengaku kerap berilusi dan mimpi buruk.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ia mengaku mengalami pelecehan seksual yang dilakukan ayah tirinya saat masih belia, namun sang ibu tidak membelanya. Sikap ibunya membuat Susan sakit hati, dan menyimpan kemarahan besar dalam dirinya. Ketika ia tumbuh dewasa, dia menunjukkan perhatiannya pada seks, serta keinginan mendapat cinta kasih serta kehidupan yang berkecukupan. Semua ini adalah tanda-tanda klasik gangguan kepribadian narsisistik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dia dihukum 30 tahun penjara. Di sana ulahnya tidak berhenti, dia pun terlibat hubungan seks dengan dua sipir penjara, salah satunya telah ‘menghadiahinya' penyakit seks menular.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;10.Diane Downs -Korban: 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:Bj1Py5BftA1spM:http://www.toptenz.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/diane-downs.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Diane Downs, memiliki kenangan hubungan romantis pada masa anak-anaknya dengan Lew. Namun ketika mereka dewasa, Lew mengatakan bahwa kenangan kisah kasih masa kecil itu, tidak menjadi prioritas dalam masa depannya. Diane sangat terpukul akan pernyataan Lew yang sangat menyakitkan baginya. Dia pun putus asa dan menyusun rencana untuk membunuh anak-anaknya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anak-anaknya dari perkimpoian sebelumnya, Christie, Cheryl, dan Danny, akan dibantainya dengan tangannya sendiri. Pada suatu malam yg mengerikan, ia mengendarai mobil bersama tiga anaknya, lalu memarkir mobilnya di jalan yang sepi, lalu membunuh anak keduanya, Cheryl (7) dengan darah dingin. Christie (8) anak tertuanya, dan Danny (3) anak bungsunya, juga dibantai. Mereka dihadiahi timah panas oleh ibu mereka yang gelap mata. Beruntung, dari tiga anaknya, dua berhasil selamat, hanya Cheryl saja yang tewas mengenaskan, sementara Christie dan Danny lolos dari maut meskipun keduanya sempat cidera parah. Danny, si bungsu, lumpuh dari kaki ke bawah karena ibunya menembaknya dalam jarak dekat persis di titik vital, sedang Christie menderita luka serius, dan lumpuh pada salah satu sisi tubuhnya serta menderita kesulitan bicara karena shock yang hebat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tapi Christie yang kecil sungguh luar biasa. Ketika dia diajukan ke pengadilan sebagai saksi kasus ibunya, dia pun dengan berani menjelaskan kejadian itu pada hakim. Keberanian gadis muda ini dalam mencari keadilan bagi dia dan adiknya yang mati, sungguh mengharukan. Bagaimana Christie yang kecil dalam bahasa kanak-kanaknya terpaksa harus bersaksi melawan ibunya yang sadis. Semua orang pun menangis sedih atas pengalaman menyedihkan bocah ini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tapi sang ibu, Diane Downs dengan gagah justru mengaku tidak bersalah atas apa yang terjadi pada anak anaknya. Mantan tukang pos di Negara bagian Oregon ini, kini melewati hari hari panjangnya di penjaraa. Ia mengisi hari harinya yang membosankan dengan berkirim-kiriman surat dengan sesama napi kelas berat seperti pemerkosa, pembunuh, termasuk pembunuh berantai Randy Woodfield. Mau tau isi suratnya, seputar masalah gairah seksual, hal hal ‘jorok' dan seram. &lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;sumber http://www.uphaa.com/&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7285007911490161484-458416475194500491?l=ujungdaun.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/feeds/458416475194500491/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/10-kisah-wanita-psikopat-yang.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/458416475194500491'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/458416475194500491'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/10-kisah-wanita-psikopat-yang.html' title='10 Kisah Wanita Psikopat Yang Menggetarkan Dunia !!'/><author><name>fajri arfan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01412068473176801321</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxiqOtntjWI/AAAAAAAAAAY/sFl72KxTZy8/S220/7021_1112521907151_1650005463_30380775_7503692_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7285007911490161484.post-2682830770060745386</id><published>2009-12-30T05:07:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-12-30T05:12:37.757-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='knowledge'/><title type='text'>10 Coolest Umbrella Designs</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1&gt;10 Coolest Umbrella Designs&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;1. Samurai Sword Umbrella&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;img class="imgl" src="http://www.uphaa.com/uploads/510/samurai-sword-umbrella-japan.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;img class="imgl" src="http://www.uphaa.com/uploads/510/samurai-sword-umbrella-japan-2.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Samurai Umbrella replaces your boring umbrella grip with a Japanese sword handle, into a dashing, rainproof road warrior. They’ve even included a shoulder case for the umbrella, so you can carry it bandolier-style and free up your hands.&lt;a href="http://www.japantrendshop.com/samurai-umbrella-p-701.html"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!-- google_ad_client = "pub-3344584227896827"; /* 336x280_inicio_articulo_II, creado 19/11/08 */ google_ad_slot = "0116430980"; google_ad_width = 336; google_ad_height = 280; google_alternate_ad_url = 'http://www.uphaa.com/uploads/ads/valueclick.html'  //--&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt; &lt;/script&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;2. Star Wars Lightsaber Umbrella&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;img class="imgl" src="http://www.uphaa.com/uploads/510/lightblade-umbrella_main.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img class="imgl" src="http://www.uphaa.com/uploads/510/led_umbrella_night.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At first glance it looks just like any other ordinary umbrella, but one click of the button on the handle will illuminate the shaft in a bright flash of light that’s sure to scare off those evil pith helmet wearing bad guys, just waiting to pounce in the rain. Or it might just make you look super cool on your commute to work. Stand out and be noticed the next time it rains and make your way to the office Sci-Fi style. &lt;a href="http://www.thinkgeek.com/gadgets/travel-outdoors/9260/images/2263/"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;3.Water Gun Umbrella&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;img class="imgl" src="http://www.uphaa.com/uploads/510/Gun%20umbrella.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This unique, funnel shaped umbrella harnesses the flow of rainwater down into its handle, a water pistol. The user can fire at will, maintaining a constant flow of water as long as rain continues to fall. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;4. Glowing Umbrella for dark rainy days&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;img class="imgl" src="http://www.uphaa.com/uploads/510/Glowing_Umbrella_1.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This one’s pretty self-explanatory. The umbrella glows! It provides a nice light source for rainy nights and looks pretty awesome and distinctive as well. Since it’s, again, just a concept, you can’t buy it yet, but who knows what the future will bring.&lt;a href="http://dvice.com/archives/2007/11/glowing_umbrella_adds_some_lig.php"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;5.Umbrella Stool&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;img class="imgl" src="http://www.uphaa.com/uploads/510/Umbrella-Stool.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cool umbrella designed to be used as a stool when there is no rain.&lt;a href="http://www.likecool.com/Umbrella_Stool--Accessories--Home.html"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;6.Electric Umbrella&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;img class="imgl" src="http://www.uphaa.com/uploads/510/uumbrella4.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Check out this Electric Umbrella idea that allows you to walk through the stormy night without worrying about stumbling over any deadwood or roots which cannot be seen in the dark. This is not a concept , so you’ve got to make sure you’re pretty deft with some hardware tools and have a working knowledge of electronics before you begin.&lt;a href="http://www.ubergizmo.com/15/archives/2008/06/electric_umbrella.html"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!-- google_ad_client = "pub-3344584227896827"; /* 336x280_medio_articulo, creado 17/09/08 */ google_ad_slot = "4231256037"; google_ad_width = 336; google_ad_height = 280; google_alternate_ad_url = 'http://www.uphaa.com/uploads/ads/valueclick.html' //--&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt; &lt;/script&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;7.Handbag Umbrella&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img class="imgl" src="http://www.uphaa.com/uploads/510/umbrella09.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The umbrella is an incredible invention but nobody has a way to prevent a wet dripping umbrella from creating a mess in your house.&lt;br /&gt;The Inside Out Umbrella solves this problem by fully inverting into a small bag. All the wet drippy stuff stays inside. &lt;a href="http://www.yankodesign.com/2008/01/23/wet-umbrellas-no-more/"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;8.The Internet Umbrella&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;img class="imgl" src="http://www.uphaa.com/uploads/510/uumbrella1.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pileus is an interactive medium of an umbrella to make rainy days fun! Pileus has a big screen on its inside surface, and a camera and embedded sensors on its grip. Then it provides natural embodied interaction with web services to make city walking more interactive.&lt;br /&gt;The current prototype has two main functions: photo-sharing and 3D map navigation. The photo-sharing function is connected to Flickr, then a user can share their finding (e.g. new shops, beautiful scenes) in a city with his/her friends taking a picture by the camera. The screen also shows beautiful photo-streams retrieved from shared-pictures in a Flickr community. The photo-function is operated by a simple action on the umbrella with a motion sensor without any complicated operations.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;9. Golf Club Umbrella&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;img class="imgl" src="http://www.uphaa.com/uploads/510/umbrella12.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This quirky umbrella was inspired by designer Sebastian Errazuriz’s rainy day golf outings. While living in Scotland, he and his friends often found themselves carrying golf clubs and umbrellas simultaneously, which struck inspiration in the young designer. Made of steel, fiberglass, polyester, and rubber. This product is an umbrella and should not be used as a golf club.&lt;a href="http://www.momastore.org/museum/moma/ProductDisplay_Off%20the%20Course%20Umbrella_10451_10001_58949"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;10. Smokers Umbrella&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img class="imgl" src="http://www.uphaa.com/uploads/510/5745478x.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This umbrella is part of an essential kit for every individual who enjoys their cigarette. The kit contains a high quality automatic opening umbrella made of strong (pongee) fabric, and aluminium ribs with fibreglass tips. The fabric has special ’smoking songs’ written on the outside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7285007911490161484-2682830770060745386?l=ujungdaun.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/feeds/2682830770060745386/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/10-coolest-umbrella-designs.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/2682830770060745386'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/2682830770060745386'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/10-coolest-umbrella-designs.html' title='10 Coolest Umbrella Designs'/><author><name>fajri arfan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01412068473176801321</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxiqOtntjWI/AAAAAAAAAAY/sFl72KxTZy8/S220/7021_1112521907151_1650005463_30380775_7503692_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7285007911490161484.post-1486699364873404939</id><published>2009-12-21T00:51:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-03T23:29:38.937-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='keagamaan'/><title type='text'>sebuah renungan suci</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;sebuah renungan suci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/Sy9NyicUpmI/AAAAAAAAAC4/yBpQxkyIPJw/s1600-h/al-quran-yang-mulia.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/Sy9NyicUpmI/AAAAAAAAAC4/yBpQxkyIPJw/s320/al-quran-yang-mulia.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5417634407384393314" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;sewaktu engkau masih kecil, engkau slalu membacaku dan menghafalku dengan semangat.Meski itu hanya menghafal dan memahamiku sebaik mungkin.Itupun telah mendapat pahala dari sang kuasa.&lt;br /&gt;Tapiiiiiiiiii setelah tiba waktunya engkau mulai memahamiku, sebagian dari engkau telah mulai menjauhuiku.Dan bahkan engkau hanya memajang diriku di lemari yang sangat bagus,dan tidak pernah memegangku dan engkau menggunakanku hanya ketika bulan ramadhan tiba.Itupun hanya pertama tama bulan ramadhan.Betapa tidak bergunanya aku bagi engkau"nauzu billahi min zalik"&lt;br /&gt;Aku sangat kecewa bagi engkau yang bertingkah seperti itu. Sebenarnya apabila engkau lebih memahamiku engkau akan mendapatkan buanyaaaaaaaaaaaaak ilmu,tapi engkau tidak pernah memperdulikanku. Semua ilmu yang ada di dunia ini sebenarnya adalah dari dalam tubuhku ini&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dan saat anda mulai tua pasti anda akan menyesal, bahwa nikmat anda telah mulai diambil sedikit demi sedikit dan apabila nikmat mata anda sudah diambil.Betapa menyesalnya anda,anda takkan semulus waktu muda anda memahamiku.Pasti anda akan mengatakan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;oleh karena itu pahamilah aku bahwasanya aku ini adalah sumber buku yang paling sempurna&lt;br /&gt;dan tak pernah salah&lt;br /&gt;"BACAL;AH DAN PAHAMI AKU KAU AKAN BANYAK MENDAPAT ILMU YANG BERMANFAAT"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7285007911490161484-1486699364873404939?l=ujungdaun.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/feeds/1486699364873404939/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/sebuah-renungan-suci-sewaktu-engkau.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/1486699364873404939'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/1486699364873404939'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/sebuah-renungan-suci-sewaktu-engkau.html' title='sebuah renungan suci'/><author><name>fajri arfan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01412068473176801321</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxiqOtntjWI/AAAAAAAAAAY/sFl72KxTZy8/S220/7021_1112521907151_1650005463_30380775_7503692_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/Sy9NyicUpmI/AAAAAAAAAC4/yBpQxkyIPJw/s72-c/al-quran-yang-mulia.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7285007911490161484.post-7064017697481407943</id><published>2009-12-13T20:09:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-03T23:29:17.875-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='knowledge'/><title type='text'>10 Karakter Pemenang dan Karakter Pecundang</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"&gt; &lt;span class="widget-item-control"&gt;&lt;span class="item-control blog-admin"&gt;&lt;a class="quickedit" href="http://www.blogger.com/rearrange?blogID=5550568696081910221&amp;amp;widgetType=Text&amp;amp;widgetId=Text1&amp;amp;action=editWidget" onclick="'return" target="configText1" title="Edit"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!-- google_ad_section_start --&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://onestopklik.blogspot.com/2009/03/10-karakter-pemenang-dan-karakter.html"&gt;10  Karakter Pemenang dan Karakter Pecundang&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 class="post-title entry-title"&gt; &lt;/h3&gt;   &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Karakter seseorang dapat diliha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyW72XpDaPI/AAAAAAAAACo/OhvwZ8RZ9zM/s1600-h/win_lose.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 202px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyW72XpDaPI/AAAAAAAAACo/OhvwZ8RZ9zM/s320/win_lose.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414940669716424946" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;t dari bagaimana ia melewati tantangan  dan memecahkan masalah. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Dalam dunia kerja tentu anda menemui banyak  orang dengan berbagai macam karakter yang berbeda. Berikut adalah 10  tanda apakah seseorang termasuk ke dalam karakter pemenang atau  pecundang:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;1. Ketika pemenang melakukan kesalahan dia berk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;ata  "saya salah!"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Ketika pecundang melakukan kesalahan dia berkata, "ini  bukan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;salah saya!"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span id="fullpost"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;2. Pemenang  berkata, "saya sudah baik, tapi saya bisa lebih baik&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;lagi!"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Pecundang  berkata, "saya tidak sejelek orang lain!"&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;3. Pemenang mencoba  belajar dari setiap orang yang lebih baik dari&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;pada dia.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Pecundang  selalu mencoba menjatuhkan orang lain dengan berbagai&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;cara.&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;4.  Pemenang berkata, "mari saya kerjakan ini untuk anda!"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Pecundang  berkata, "itu bukan pekerjaan saya!"&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;5. Pemenang berkata, "pasti  ada cara lebih baik mengerjakannya!"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Pecundang berkata, "begitulah  biasanya dikerjakan disini!"&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;6. Pemenang berkata, "ini sulit tapi  mungkin!"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Pecundang berkata, "ini mungkin tapi sangat sulit untuk&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;mengerjakan!"&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;7.  Pemenang selalu mempunyai rencana-rencana.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Pecundang selalu mencari  alasan.&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;8. Pemenang mempunyai komitmen-komitmen.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Pecundang  hanya berjanji-janji saja.&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;9. Pemenang selalu menjadi bagian dari  jawaban.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Pecundang selalu menjadi bagian dari masalah.&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;10.  Pemenang tuntas memecahkan masalah.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Pecundang selalu  tanggung-tanggung &amp;amp; tidak pernah memecahkan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;masalah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;sumber  : perempuan.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7285007911490161484-7064017697481407943?l=ujungdaun.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/feeds/7064017697481407943/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/10-karakter-pemenang-dan-karakter.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/7064017697481407943'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/7064017697481407943'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/10-karakter-pemenang-dan-karakter.html' title='10 Karakter Pemenang dan Karakter Pecundang'/><author><name>fajri arfan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01412068473176801321</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxiqOtntjWI/AAAAAAAAAAY/sFl72KxTZy8/S220/7021_1112521907151_1650005463_30380775_7503692_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyW72XpDaPI/AAAAAAAAACo/OhvwZ8RZ9zM/s72-c/win_lose.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7285007911490161484.post-3373219073417901797</id><published>2009-12-12T20:25:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-03T23:28:56.440-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='knowledge'/><title type='text'>10 Misteri Otak Manusia yang Belum Terpecahkan</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2 class="post-title"&gt;10 Misteri Otak Manusia yang Belum Terpecahkan&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Jangankan ala&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRtemwWrvI/AAAAAAAAACg/ZDzw2-3eV2M/s1600-h/otak.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 202px; height: 253px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRtemwWrvI/AAAAAAAAACg/ZDzw2-3eV2M/s320/otak.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414573024573042418" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;m sekitar, diri sendiri kita pun masih  banyak menyimpan tanda tanya. Otak manusia bisa disamakan dengan  prosesor komputer. Bedanya, kinerja prosesor dapat diuraikan secara  logika, sedangkan otak kita tidak. &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Ada sepuluh misteri yang masih menyelubungi seluk  beluk otak manusia. Ilmuwan masih terus mencoba mencari penjelasan  ilmiahnya. Tapi tetap saja misteri itu merupakan rahasia kehidupan  ciptaan Tuhan yang luar biasa. Berikut 10 misteri seputar otak manusia  yang kita alami sehari-hari, tapi tetap kita tak mampu mencari  penyebabnya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Kesadaran&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Saat bangun di pagi hari, kita tersadar dari tidur.  Menikmati sinar matahari dari celah jendela, udara pagi nan sejuk, dan  seterusnya. Kita menyebutnya sebagai kesadaran. Bidang ini memicu topik  majemuk yang dibahas ilmuwan sejak zaman dulu. Pakar neurologi mutakhir  menjabarkan kesadaran sebagai suatu topik riset realistis.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Hidup Membeku&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Hidup abadi memang hanya ada dalam khayalan manusia.  Namun ilmuwan telah menemukan cryonic, temuan yang mampu membuat manusia  memiliki dua kehidupan. Salah satu pusat cryonic adalah Alcor Life  Extension Foundation, di Arizona, yang menyimpan tubuh mahluk hidup  dalam tabung berisi nitrogen cair dengan suhu minud 320 fahrenheit.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Idenya adalah manusia yang sudah meninggal akibat  penyakit akan dicairkan dan dihidupkan kembali di masa mendatang saat  penyakit itu sudah bisa disembuhkan. jenazah Ted Williams, pemain  baseball kenamaan disimpan di sini. Karena teknologinya belum ditemukan,  maka penghidupan kembali belum dilakukan. namun tubuhnya sudah  “dilelehkan” dengan suhu yang tepat sehingga sel-selnya membeku dan  memecah.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Misteri Kematian&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Bagaimana manusia menjadi tua? manusia terlahir  dengan mekanisme tubuh yang mampu bertahan dari penyakit. Itu sebabnya  luka bisa sembuh sendiri wanta diobati. Tapi seiring dengan bertambah  usia, mekanisme itu menurun. kenapa bisa begitu? Ada dua teori  penjelasannya. Pertama, penuaan adalah bagian dari genetika manusia.  Kedia, penuaan adalah hasil dari sel-sel tubuh yang rusak.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4. Alam VS Asuhan&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Perdebatan tentang pikiran dan kepribadian manusia  masih berkutat antara dua hal di atas. Kepribadian dan pemikiran manusia  dikatakan dikontrol oleh gen atau lingkungan?Atau bisa jadi keduanya?  Masih belum ada kesepakatan di kalangan ilmuwan tentang hal ini.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5. Pemicu Otak&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Tertawa adalah hal yang paling sedikit dipahami dari  perilaku manusia. Para ilmuwan menemukan bahwa selama tertawa, ada tiga  bagian otak yang terlibat. Pertama, bagian yang berpikir sebelum kita  memahami suatu gurauan. Kedua, area yang bergerak untuk memberitahu otot  kita untuk melakukan sesuatu. Lalu sebuah area emosional yang menggugah  perasaan geli.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;John Morreall, ilmuwan peneliti humor dari College of  William and Mary, menemukan bahwa tertawa adalah respon bermain atas  kisah yang tidak sesuai dengan harapan. Tertawa juga mampu menular pada  orang lain.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6. Daya Ingat&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Beberapa pengalaman sulit dilupakan, sebaliknya kita  justru kerap melupakan hal-hal penting. Bagaimana itu bisa terjadi?  menggunakan teknik pencitraan otak, ilmuwan menemukan adanya mekanisme  yang bertanggungjawab pada penciptaan dan penyimpanan memori. mereka  menemukan hippocampus dan materi abu-abu otak yang berperan sebagai  kotak memori. Tapi mengapa ada memori yang mudah diingat dan dipukana,  masih tetap jadi misteri.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7. jam Biologis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Otak juga memiliki nukleus suprachiasmatic nucleus  alias jam biologi. Bagian ini memprogram tubuh untuk mengikuti irama  waktu 24 jam. Jam biologi juga menyesuaikan suhu tubuh, siklus bangun  tidur, juga produksi hormon melatonin. Perdebatan terakhir adalah apakah  suplemen melatonin mampu mencegah jet lag?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;8. Perasaan Dihantui&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Diperkirakan 80 persen dari sensasi pengalaman  termasuk gatal, tertekan, nyaman dan rasa sakit datang dari bagian tubuh  yang hilang. Ada orang yang mengalami adanya organ tubuh mereka yang  tidka nampak tapi bisa merasakan. Salah satu penjelasan adalah adanya  area syaraf di salah satu organ tubuh yang menciptakan konseksi baru  pada saraf tulang belakang dan berlanjut mengirimkan sinyal ke otak.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;9. Tidur&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Mengapa manusia butuh tidur? Ilmuwan paham bahwa  semua mamalia butuh tidur cukup. Tidak cukup tidur berkepanjangan akan  menimbulkan halunisasi bahkan kematian. Ada dua tingkatan dalam tidur,  yakni tidur yang non-rapid eye movement (NREM), terjadi selama otak  memperlihatkan rendahnya aktivitas metabolik. Lalu tidur tingkat rapid  eye movement (REM), saat otak masih cukup aktif.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;10. Mimpi&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Selain tidur, mimpi juga menjadi misteri.  Kemungkinannya adalah, bermimpi merupakan latihan otak yang menstimulasi  trafik synap antar sel-sel otak. Teori lain mengatakan manusia bermimpi  mengenai tugas dan emosinya yang tak sempat diperhatikan selama mereka  terjaga di siang hari.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Diterjemahkan secara bebas dari LiveScience.com&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7285007911490161484-3373219073417901797?l=ujungdaun.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/feeds/3373219073417901797/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/10-misteri-otak-manusia-yang-belum.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/3373219073417901797'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/3373219073417901797'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/10-misteri-otak-manusia-yang-belum.html' title='10 Misteri Otak Manusia yang Belum Terpecahkan'/><author><name>fajri arfan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01412068473176801321</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxiqOtntjWI/AAAAAAAAAAY/sFl72KxTZy8/S220/7021_1112521907151_1650005463_30380775_7503692_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRtemwWrvI/AAAAAAAAACg/ZDzw2-3eV2M/s72-c/otak.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7285007911490161484.post-4456712281444458716</id><published>2009-12-12T19:47:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-03T23:28:32.905-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='knowledge'/><title type='text'>10 Ledakan Terbesar dan Terdahsyat di Dunia</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://tforce2009.wordpress.com/2009/09/16/10-ledakan-terbesar-dan-terdahsyat-di-dunia/" rel="bookmark" title="Taut Tetap ke 10 Ledakan Terbesar dan Terdahsyat  di Dunia"&gt;10 Ledakan Terbesar dan Terdahsyat di Dunia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Pancaran Sinar Gamma&lt;br /&gt;Pancaran sinar gam&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRk_YX2ePI/AAAAAAAAABY/aDHkrvJJEJI/s1600-h/urutan1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRk_YX2ePI/AAAAAAAAABY/aDHkrvJJEJI/s320/urutan1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414563692043204850" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;ma adalah paling kuat yang pernah diketahui di alam  semesta. Sinar yang memancar dari area yang sangat jauh namun terlihat,  adalah GRB 090423, menjangkau “dunia” kita dari kejauhan 13 Milyar tahun  cahaya !!!! dari bumi. Ledakan tersebut, yang hanya terekam kurang dari  1 detik, melepaskan energy lebih dari 100 kali energy yang dilepaskan  oleh matahari selama 10 Milyar tahun&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Supernova&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRlsLVWf4I/AAAAAAAAABg/1BBoMmSBv1E/s1600-h/urutan2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRlsLVWf4I/AAAAAAAAABg/1BBoMmSBv1E/s320/urutan2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414564461637173122" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;Supernova adalah bintang yang meledak yang seringkali “menyinari”  keseluruhan galaksi. Supernova yang paling terang yang pernah di catat  dalam sejarah adalah yang dilihat di konstelasi Lupus (bahasa latin  untuk srigala) pada musim semi tahun 1006.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ledakan luar biasa yang berwarna keemasan yang sekarang dikenal  sebagai SN 1006 terjadi di hampir 7.100 tahun cahaya jauhnya, dan cukup  terang untuk menyebabkan adanya bayangan dimalam hari, dan membaca  dimalam hari, dan masih terlihat hingga berbulan-bulan pada siang hari&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;3. Ledakan Komet Shoemaker-Levy9&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Komet Shoemaker-Levy9 bertabrakan secara spektakuler dengan planet  Jupiter pada 1994, gravitasi planet raksasa tersebut menarik komet  tersebut dan memecahkan komet tersebut hingga area seluas 3 km, dan  mereka menghujam dengan kecepatan 60 km/detik menghasilkan 21 tumbukan  yang terlihat.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.suarabuana.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/shoemaker-levy-comet-300x225.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Tumbukan terbesar menyebabkan bola api hingga setinggi 3000 km diatas  awan Jovian dan menyebabkan bintik hitam dengan diameter 12.000 km2  (sekitar sebesar bumi) dan diperkirakan meledak dengan kekuatan 6000  Giga Ton TNT&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Tumbukan Cretaceous-Tertiary                                                  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e)  {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRmRiJlLYI/AAAAAAAAABw/MzcdC_r8yP4/s1600-h/urutan4.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 243px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRmRiJlLYI/AAAAAAAAABw/MzcdC_r8yP4/s320/urutan4.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414565103416978818" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  Era dinosaurus    b  e rak hir dalam bencana alam hamper 65 juta tahun lalu dan  membunuh hampir setengah dari semua s p e cies  di planet ini. Peneliti  menyatakan bahwa sebenarnya planet sudah berada dalam ambang kehancuran  lingkungan sebelum tumbukan Cretaceous-Tertiary (meteorit). Kawah   seluas  180 km di chixulub di mexico mungkin adalah lokasi tumbukan tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;5. Ledakan Gunung Tambora&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRnHCpcrAI/AAAAAAAAAB4/iuLqQ3IbGeo/s1600-h/urutan5.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 187px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRnHCpcrAI/AAAAAAAAAB4/iuLqQ3IbGeo/s320/urutan5.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414566022673640450" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pada 1815, Gunung tambora di Indonesia meledak dengan kekuatan hampir  1000 mega ton TNT, merupakan ledakan gunung berapi terdahsyat yang  direkam dalam sejarah.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ledakan tersebut melontarkan 140 Milyar ton magma dan tidak hanya  membunuh 71.000 orang di pulau Sumbawa (Dekat Lombok) tapi abu vulkanik  yang dilontarkan menyebabkan anomaly iklim secara global, pada tahun  selanjutnya (1816), dikenal sebagai tahun tanpa musim panas, salju turun  di bulan juni di Albany N.Y, sungai es dapat ditemukan di bulan Juli di  Pennsylvania, dan ratusan ribu orang menderita kelaparan secara global&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;6.Ledakan Dekat Sungai Podkamennaya Tunguska&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRnO_4kvlI/AAAAAAAAACA/-R71o9AG_Bg/s1600-h/urutan6.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 228px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRnO_4kvlI/AAAAAAAAACA/-R71o9AG_Bg/s320/urutan6.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414566159370731090" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sebuah ledakan misterius dekat sungai Podkamennaya Tunguska di 1908  meratakan area seluas 2000 km2 dari hutan Siberia (hampir seluas kota  Tokyo). Peneliti mengira bahwa ledakan tersebut disebabkan oleh asteroid  atau komet, mungkin diameternya sebesar 20m dan seberat 185.000 metric  ton (7 kali berat titanic). Ledakan in tercatat hampir sekuat 4 mega ton  TNT (250 kali lebih kuat dari bom Hiroshima)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;7. Bom Atom di Trinity site,Alamogordo&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;              &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e)  {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRnfNaS9oI/AAAAAAAAACI/_oUdWyAg86A/s1600-h/urutan7.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 241px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRnfNaS9oI/AAAAAAAAACI/_oUdWyAg86A/s320/urutan7.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414566437879740034" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;                      &lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p&gt;     Bom atom yang pertama dalam sejarah, di ledakkan di Trinity site,  dekat Alamogordo, N.M pada 1945, meledakan denga kekuatan hamper 20kilo  ton TNT, ilmuan J. Robert Oppenheimer kemudian mengatakan, ketika dia  mengawasi pengujian, Ia memikirkan sebuah petikan dari manuscript hindu  Bhagavas Gita : “Saya akan menjadi Kematian, penghancur dunia”, senjata  nuklir kemudian mengakhiri PDII dan menyebabkan ketakutan terhadap  senjata pemusnah nuklir hi&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;ngga berpuluh tahun kemudian.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ilmuan kemudian menemukan bahwa masyarakan di New Meksiko mungkin  terkena radiasi nuklir ribuan kali dari batas normal yang masih bisa  ditoleransi oleh tubuh.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;8.Nuklir di Chernobly, Ukraina&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pada 1986, sebuah reactor nuklir meledak di Chernobly di ukraina, itu  adalah kecelakaan nuklir terburuk dalam sejaran, ledakan tersebut  melontarkan rector seberat 2000 ton dan menyebarkan 400 kali kadar  radioaktive dibandingkan bom Hiroshima, mengkontaminasi lebih dari  200.000 km2 eropa, 600.000 orang terkena ra&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRoE0MrhkI/AAAAAAAAACQ/WSt5b_PL76I/s1600-h/urutan8.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 216px; height: 251px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRoE0MrhkI/AAAAAAAAACQ/WSt5b_PL76I/s320/urutan8.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414567083946772034" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;diasi dosis tinggi, dan lebih  dari 350.000 orang harus dievakuasi dari derah yang terkontaminasi.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;9.Tabrakan kapal Kargo Perancis&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e)  {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRoovdhYjI/AAAAAAAAACY/f5eyM712_I4/s1600-h/urutan9.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 211px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRoovdhYjI/AAAAAAAAACY/f5eyM712_I4/s320/urutan9.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414567701150523954" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Pada 1917, sebuah kapal kargo prancis, yang berisi penuh dengan bahan  peledak untuk PD I, secara tidak sengaja bertabrakan dengan kapal  berbendera belgia di pelabuhan Halifax, Kanada. Hal tersebut menyebabkan  ledakan dengan dampak yang jauh lebih besar dari peladak yang pernah  dibuat oleh manusia sebelumnya, setara dengan 3 kilo ton TNT.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Menyebarkan serbuk berwarna putih hingga 6.100m diatas kota dan  menyebabkan Tsunami dengan ketinggian gelombang setara 18 m , hingga  radius 2 Km disekitar pusat ledakan. Itu adalah kehancuran total, dan  merenggut 2000 nyawa dan 9000 lainnya terluka. Itu tetao menjadi  kecelakaan terburuk didunia yang disebabkan peledak buatan manusia.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;10. Ledakan di kapal kargo SS Grandcamp&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sebuah kebakaran di kapal kargo SS Grandcamp yang sedang berlabuh di  texas city pada 1947 memicu 2.300 ton amoniu nitrat, sebuah campuran  yang digunakan untuk penyubur dan berdaya ledak tinggi.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;img src="http://img195.imageshack.us/img195/5328/urutan10.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ledakan tersebut merontokan 2 pesawat terbang yang sedang melintas  disekitarnya dan memicu reaksi berantai yang memicu ledakan sebuah kapal  kargo lainnya yang juga membawa 1000 ton ammonium nitrat. Bencana ini  membunuh lebuh dari 600 orang dan melukai 3.500 lainnya, dan secara umum  dikategorikan bancana industry terburuk dalam sejarah U.S&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;sumber&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;www.suarabuana.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7285007911490161484-4456712281444458716?l=ujungdaun.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/feeds/4456712281444458716/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/10-ledakan-terbesar-dan-terdahsyat-di.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/4456712281444458716'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/4456712281444458716'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/10-ledakan-terbesar-dan-terdahsyat-di.html' title='10 Ledakan Terbesar dan Terdahsyat di Dunia'/><author><name>fajri arfan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01412068473176801321</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxiqOtntjWI/AAAAAAAAAAY/sFl72KxTZy8/S220/7021_1112521907151_1650005463_30380775_7503692_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRk_YX2ePI/AAAAAAAAABY/aDHkrvJJEJI/s72-c/urutan1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7285007911490161484.post-4819351938545304953</id><published>2009-12-12T19:26:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-03T23:28:15.912-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='knowledge'/><title type='text'>Kuburan Unik dari Indonesia</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRfMwFalYI/AAAAAAAAABA/Tzow-zMX4-8/s1600-h/p487af3cdedea4we4.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 219px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRfMwFalYI/AAAAAAAAABA/Tzow-zMX4-8/s320/p487af3cdedea4we4.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414557324676863362" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href="http://tforce2009.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/kuburan-unik-dari-indonesia/" rel="bookmark" title="Taut Tetap ke Kuburan Unik dari Indonesia"&gt;Kuburan  Unik dari Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Batu Lemo, Tana Toraja&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tempat pekuburan atau persemayaman jenazah berbentuk lubang-lubang pada  dinding cadas. Tempat ini merupakan hasil kreasi manusia Toraja yang  luar biasa. Bagaimana tidak, persemayaman yang telah ada sejak abad  ke-16 itu dibuat dengan cara memahat. Saat itu, tentu dengan peralatan  yang sangat sederhana. Lemo terletak di desa (lembang) Lemo. Sekitar 12  kilometer sebelah selatan Rantepao atau enam kilometer sebelah utara  Makale.&lt;br /&gt;Dinamai Lemo karena beberapa model liang batu itu berbentuk bundar dan  berbintik-bintik menyerupai buah jeruk atau limau. Kuburan-kuburan batu  itu disebut juga sebagai liang paa’.&lt;br /&gt;Ada 75 lubang pada dinding cadas. Beberapa di antaranya memiliki  patung-patung berjajar yang disebut tau-tau. Patung-patung itu adalah  lambang kedudukan sosial, status, dan peran mereka semasa hidup sebagai  bangsawan setempat.&lt;br /&gt;Obyek ini ramai dikunjungi sejak tahun 1960. Selain menyaksikan kuburan  batu, wisatawan juga dapat membeli berbagai sovenir atau berjalan jalan  sekitar obyek tersebut menyaksikan buah buah pangi yang ranum  kecoklatan. Buah-buah itu siap diolah dan dimakan sebagai makanan khas  suku Toraja yang di sebut pantollo pamarrasan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Kuburan Bayi Kambira, Tana Toraja&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di Kambira masih &lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRfundrJjI/AAAAAAAAABI/YY0Eom7n0D4/s1600-h/bayikambirabl2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 212px; height: 245px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRfundrJjI/AAAAAAAAABI/YY0Eom7n0D4/s320/bayikambirabl2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414557906478245426" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;di wilayah Tana Toraja ada kuburan bayi, berupa pohon  besar yang dilubangi, jenazah si bayi setelah dibalsem dan dibungkus ,  lalu dimasukkan ke dalamnya dan lobang ditutup dengan anyaman ijuk.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRgnsD1fMI/AAAAAAAAABQ/kXCDkSzh5ug/s1600-h/gualondaej1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 212px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRgnsD1fMI/AAAAAAAAABQ/kXCDkSzh5ug/s320/gualondaej1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414558886964591810" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Batu Karang Terj&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;al Londa, masih di Tana Toraja&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;kuburan sisi batu karang terjal adalah salah satu sisi dari kuburan itu  berada di ketinggian dari bukit mempunyai gua yang dalam dimana  peti-peti mayat di atur dan di kelompokkan berdasarkan garis keluarga.  Disisi lain dari lusinan tau-tau berdiri secara hidmat di balkon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7285007911490161484-4819351938545304953?l=ujungdaun.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/feeds/4819351938545304953/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/kuburan-unik-dari-indonesia-1.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/4819351938545304953'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/4819351938545304953'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/kuburan-unik-dari-indonesia-1.html' title='Kuburan Unik dari Indonesia'/><author><name>fajri arfan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01412068473176801321</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxiqOtntjWI/AAAAAAAAAAY/sFl72KxTZy8/S220/7021_1112521907151_1650005463_30380775_7503692_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRfMwFalYI/AAAAAAAAABA/Tzow-zMX4-8/s72-c/p487af3cdedea4we4.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7285007911490161484.post-6479932661306791714</id><published>2009-12-12T19:10:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-03T23:27:54.561-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='knowledge'/><title type='text'>Bahrain’s Tree of Life</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRb6N9gNoI/AAAAAAAAAA4/owZ48b3WuBk/s1600-h/Tree+of+Life.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRb6N9gNoI/AAAAAAAAAA4/owZ48b3WuBk/s320/Tree+of+Life.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414553707744343682" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.Bahrain’s Tree of Life&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;"&gt;Pohon ini merupakan keajaiban alam yang tiada  taranya. Tumbuh sendirian di tengah padang pasir yang kering, tak ada  pohon lain yang menemani. Ini adalah satu-satunya pohon yang ada di  padang pasir yang terpencil, nyaris terisolir dari mana pun. Yang  anehnya, pohon yang berusia (diperkirakan 400 tahun) tetap tumbuh subur  dengan daunnya yang hijau, padahal di sana tak ada satupun sumber air.  Lalu dari manakah air kehidupan didapat oleh pohon itu?? Karena siapa  pun tahu air adalah sumber kehidupan semua makhluk hidup, baik itu  manusia, hewan maupun tumbuh-tumbuhan. Jadi jawaban satu satunya yang  masuk akal adalah di bawah pohon berusia ratusan tahun itu terdapat  sumber air. Kalau demikian kenapa tidak ada pohon-pohon lainnya?? Ini  suatu misteri alam yang belum terpecahkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7285007911490161484-6479932661306791714?l=ujungdaun.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/feeds/6479932661306791714/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/1.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/6479932661306791714'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/6479932661306791714'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/12/1.html' title='Bahrain’s Tree of Life'/><author><name>fajri arfan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01412068473176801321</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxiqOtntjWI/AAAAAAAAAAY/sFl72KxTZy8/S220/7021_1112521907151_1650005463_30380775_7503692_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SyRb6N9gNoI/AAAAAAAAAA4/owZ48b3WuBk/s72-c/Tree+of+Life.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7285007911490161484.post-2727361144680956450</id><published>2009-11-30T01:34:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-03T23:27:22.278-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='knowledge'/><title type='text'>segitiga bermuda</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;"&gt;Segitiga Bermuda merupakan teka-teki alam semesta yg membuat manusia bingung utk mengungkapkannya semenjak 500 th lalu saat Colombus menemukan Amerika th 1492M. Hingga sekarang ia tetap menjadi misteri sekalipun berbagai perkiraan dan prediksi telah disampaikan. Fenomena ini merupakan salah satu keajaiban alam yg sering di bicarakan dari waktu ke waktu. Semuanya diliputi keanehan dan ketidak jelasan.&lt;br /&gt;Segitiga ini adalah bagian tersembunyi yg terletak di Samudera Atlantik, yg telah menelas ratusan atau mungkin ribuan kapal dan pesawat tanpa ada jejaknya. Tidak ada seorangpun yg mampu mengungkapkan secara pasti rahasia yg sgt misterius ini.&lt;br /&gt;Segitiga bermuda adalah tantangan terbesar yg dihadapi manusia skr ini juga dimasa mendatang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Letak Geografis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Segitiga Bermuda terletak di sebelah barat Samudera Atlantik, sebelah tenggara wilayah Miami Florida, AS. Tepatnya sebagian besar wilayah ini membentuk segitiga, antara kepulauan Bermuda, Puerto Rico di Jamaica dan bagian selatan Florida AS. Luas Segitiga Bermuda ini kira2 1,2 juta kilometer persegi terdiri dari 300 pulau kecil yg dihuni 65.000 jiwa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Sebab penamaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dikenal dg nama Segitiga Bermuda (The Bermuda Triangle) pada th 1945 saat terjadi raibnya sekumpulan pesawat yg membentuk formasi segitiga sblm hilang. Sejak saat itu, wilayah ini dikenal dg nama Segitiga Bermuda dan sejak itu pula orang bicara ngeri ttg segitiga maut bermuda. Maka sebagian org menamakan dg "Kepulauan Setan" dan "Segitiga Setan".&lt;br /&gt;Ada pula yg mengatakan bhw disebut segitiga, krn stlh berbagai kelenyapan kapal dan pesawat terbang itu diproyeksikan pada peta, ternyata semua berlangsung di suatu daerah berbentuk segitiga, antar kepulauan bermuda, Puerto rico, dan bagian selatan Florida.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Misteri di Bermuda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dibagian barat lautan Atlantik, ada area tertentu (laut sargaso) yg terkenal sgt aneh. Ditempat ini air lautan dihuni oleh jenis tertentu dari binatang laut yg disebut "Sarjasam", yg biasa mengapung dlm jmlh  besar, dlm bentuk klompok2 yg bisa menghalangi laju perahu dan kapal laut. Dulunya, Clolombus ketika pertama kali sampai ditempat ini, ia meyakini bahwa dirinya telah dkt dg daratan (pantai), krn itu ia semakin bersemangat melanjutkan perjalanan dg harapan akan segera sampai di pantai terdekat, akan tetapi usahanya sia-sia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Laut sargaso jg terkenal dg keheningan yg sangat. ia adlh laut mati, tdk didapati gerakan apapun krn jarangnya hembusan udara dan angin yg menerpanya.&lt;br /&gt;Para pelaut menjulukinya dg banyak nama, antara lain "laut seram" dan "kuburan atlantik". Hal ini mereka saksikan dari suasana mencekam dan ketakutan luar biasa pd saat mereka berlayar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ekspedisi laut modern mengisyaratkan adanya jumlah besar dari kapal laut, kapal selam, dan perahu yg teronggok didasar laut ini, yg berasal dari berbagai masa semenjak perjalanan melalui lautan. Kebanyakan kapal-kapal tsb terbenam didasar lautan pd sisi2 yg gelap, disamping hilangnya sejumlah besar kapal dan perahu tanpa meninggalkan jejak sedikitpun. Juga ditemukan pada dasar lautan ini ratusan bentuk luar biasa dari bekas kapal dan penumpangnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Permulaan hilangnya kapal2 di Bermuda, pada th 1850, hilang diwilayah ini atau dekat dengannya lbh dari 50 kapal. Sebagian nahkoda berhasil mengirimkan surat2 (telegram) pd saat2 genting, akan tetapi anehnya surat2 tsb tdk jelas sehingga tdk seorg pun yg bisa memahaminya.&lt;br /&gt;Kebanyakan kapal yg hilang adlh milik pemerintahan AS.&lt;br /&gt;Yang pertamakali adlh kapal Enserjen, yg hilang dg memuat 340 penumpang. Disusul hilangnya kapal selam Scorpion pada th 1968 yg mengangkut 99 pelaut.&lt;br /&gt;Termasuk kapal yg hilang di Segitiga bermuda, pd th 1880, kapal perang Inggris Atlanta yg mengangkut 290 jiwa, kemudian pada th 1918 kapal Amerika Saiklob yg mengangkut 309 orang. Pada bln April 1925, kapal pengangkut barang Raifuku Maru dari Jepang, yg blh dikatakan sdh modern dilangkapi pemancar radio, dan sgt layak laut cepat sekali tenggelam stlh mengirim berita :" seperti pisau raksasa! Cepat tolong! kami tak mungkin lolos!" kapal itu ditelan ombak bersama seluruh awaknya. Tak ada yg tersisa.&lt;br /&gt;Bulan oktober 1951, kapal tanker Southern Isles mengalami nasib serupa. ketika berlayar dalam konvoi, tiba-tiba ia hilang sampai kapal-kapal yg lain hanya melihat cahaya yg ditinggalkannya sedang tenggelam kedasar laut.&lt;br /&gt;Kapal tanker kembarannya Southern Districts tenggelam dg cara yg sama dl bln desember 1954. Ia hilang tanpa meninggalkan isyarat SOS ketika berlayar melintasi wilayah yg tdk beres itu ke utara menuju South Carolina.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Fenomena raibnya pesawat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keanehan ini juga berimbas ke wilayah udara lautan Atlantik, dimana banyak pesawat tiba-tiba raib saat melewati udara lautan atlantik, atau melalui udara Bermuda.&lt;br /&gt;Pada 5 Desember th 1945, formasi lengkap 5 buah pesawat pelempar torpedo Grumman TMB-3 Avenger AL AS raib dihari yg msh siang. Sebuah pesawat penyelamat yg ingin mencari sisa-sisanya pun ditelan ombak di "laut yg tdk beres" itu. Lima jet tempur itu bertolak dari pangkalan udara Forth Lauderdale di utara Miami wilayah Florida,AS dlm rangka misi pelatihan. Penerbangan ini dimulai dr Florida pukul 14.40 menuju arah timur sejauh 160 mil, kemudian belok ke utara sejauh 40 mil, dan akhirnya ke Barat Daya utk kembali ke pangkalan lagi. Dalam perjalanan ada acara latihan menyerang bbrp bangkai kapal di pantai kepulauan  Great Sale Clay. Saat itu lima pesawat terbang dlm formasi segitiga.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lima pesawat tempur ini diawaki oleh 5 pilot dibantu 8 tenaga ahli yg sangat mahir dan berpengalaman. Pimpinan Pilot saat itu adalah Letnan Charles Taylor yg sudah mengantongi 2.500 jam terbang berada pada ujung formasi segitiga. Skuadron tsb pd saat mnjalankan latihan pd sekejap waktu mengarah kpd rongsokan kapal pengangkut barang yg mengapung di permukaan laut Atlantik selatan Bimini. Pada pukul 15.45 saat pimpinan pangkalan militer menunggu berita dari skuadron 19, utk menentukan letak pangkalan dan kode landing, pimpinan pangkalan militer tsb sekonyong-konyong menerima berita aneh dari Pilot penerbangan (Letnan Charles Taylor), berteriak mengatakan:&lt;br /&gt;" Ini gawat Pak! kami sepertinya khilangan arah! Tak ada daratan. Ulangi! Tak ada daratan! Saya tdk bs menentukan arah, kami tlh  nyasar di angkasa, semuanya terlihat asing dan membingungkan, kami tdk tau arah!"&lt;br /&gt;Menara pengawas mananyakan formasi pesawat tapi Taylor menjawab:&lt;br /&gt;"Tak tahu persis dimana kami berada!"&lt;br /&gt;"Terbanglah ke Barat" perintah menara&lt;br /&gt;Tapi kemudian lama sekali tidak ada kontak. Lalu ada percakapan simpang siur dari bbrp orang penerbang yg lain.&lt;br /&gt;"Kami tdk tahu dimana arah Barat itu. Ada yg tdk beres ini. Semua terlihat aneh. bahkan lautnya juga" Sesuda sepi sejenak, komandan penerbangan menyerahkan komando kepada penerbang lain tnp alasan yg jls. Komandan baru ini melapor dg suara setgh histeris:&lt;br /&gt;" Ya Tuhan! Dimana kami ini! Mungkin kami sudah melewati Florida dan terbang diatas Teluk Meksiko!"&lt;br /&gt;Pada saat itu komandan yg baru memutuskan utk terbang kembali 180 derajat ke arah Florida lagi, tetapi dari kenyataan sinyal radionya makin lama makin lemah, diduga ia justru terbang lebih menjauhi pangkalan. Lapora terakhir yg ditangkap ialah :&lt;br /&gt;"Nampaknya kami memasuki air putih..tamatlah kami!"&lt;br /&gt;Segera sesudah kontak dg penerbang itu putus, sebuah pesawat amfibi PBM-5 martin Mariner mengangkasa utk memberi pertolongan. Bbrp menit kemudian, pesawat ini melaporkan posisinya, tapi kemudian pemancarnya diam. Pesawat ini hilang juga bersama 13 awak pesawat. tak berbekas seperti lima pesawat Grumman yg hendak ditolong. Menurut saksi mata diatas kapal tanker Gaines miles yg kebetulan berlayar di daerah itu, pesawat amfibi itu jatuh ke laut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Termasuk pesawat yg raib adalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Pada th 1945, raib dua buah pesawat pengebom milik angkatan bersenjata AS.&lt;br /&gt;2. Pada th 1948, pesawat penumpang Inggris Star Tiger yg mengangkut 313 penumpang raib.&lt;br /&gt;3. Kembali pesawat penumpang inggris , Star Ariel yg mengangkut 474 penumpang jg raib.&lt;br /&gt;4. Pada th 1956, pesawat P5M milik angkatan laut AS raib bersama 5 org penumpangnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pertanyaanya : Apakah ada waktu tertentu utk mengetahui terjadinya musibah di Segitiga Bermuda?&lt;br /&gt;Para peneliti menilai bahwa kebanyakan peristiwa terjadi pada waktu2 tertentu, yg disebut dg musim menghilang, yaitu musim liburan antara November, Desember dan Februari, khususnya yg mendahului awal th baru masehi atau sesudahnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Prediksi ttg misteri Segitiga Bermuda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Banyak teori dikemukakan utk mengungkap misteri Segitiga bermuda, antara lain:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Teori Gempa laut dan serangan gelombang besar. Teori ini mengatakan : Gesekan dan goncangan di tanah di dasar Lautan Atlantik menghasilkan gelombang dahsyat dan seketika kapal2 menjadi hilang kendali dan lgsg menuju dasa laut dg kuat hanya dlm bbrp detik. Adapun hubungannya dg pesawat, maka goncangan dan gelombang kuat tsb menyebabkan hilangnya keseimbangan pesawat serta tdk adanya kemampuan bagi pilot utk menguasai pesawat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Teori Gravitasi (medan graviti terbalik, anomali magnetik graviti) dan hubungannya dg apa yg terjadi di Segitiga Bermuda; sesungguhnya kompas dan alat navigasi elektronik lainnya didalam pesawat pd saat terbang di atas Segitiga Bermuda akan goncang dan bergerak tidak normal, begitu juga dg kompas pada kapal, yg menunjukkan kuatnya daya magnet dan anehnya gravitasi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.Teori lubang ruang waktu yg menyedot hilang semua materi, seperti &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;black hole&lt;/span&gt; (lubang hitam) yg ada diangkasa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Teori pusaran air. Menurut Bill Dillon dari U.S Geological Survey, air bercahaya putih itulah penyebabnya. Didaerah segitiga maut Bermuda, tapi juga di bbrp daerah lain sepanjang tepi pesisir benua, terdapat "tambang metana". tambang ini terbentuk kalau gas metana menumpuk dibawah dasar laut yg tak dapat ditembusnya. Gas ini dapat lolos tiba2 kalau dasar laut retak. Lolosnya tdk kepalang tangung. Dengan kekuatan yg luar biasa, tumpukan gas itu menyembur ke permukaan sambil merebus air, membentuk senyawaan &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;metanahidrat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Air yg dilalui gas ini mendidih sampai terlihat sbg "air bercahaya putih". &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Blow out&lt;/span&gt; serupa yg pernah terjadi dilaut Kaspia sudah banyak menelan anjungan pengeboran minyak sebagai korban. Regu penyelamat yg dikerahkan tdk menemukan sisa sama sekali. Mgkn krn alat dan manusia yg menjadi korban tersedot pusaran air, dan jatuh kedalam lubang bekas retakan dasar laut, lalu tanah dan air yg semula naik ke atas tapi kemudian mengendap lagi didasar laut, menimbun mrk semua.&lt;br /&gt;Kemudian pesawat yg terbang rendah memang dpt terpengaruh oleh pancaran air mendidih bercampur gas yg luar biasa kuatnya itu, lalu jatuh ke laut. tetapi apakah yg menyebabkan kompas pesawat Grumman itu tdk berfungsi? jelas medan magnet, tapi dari apa? Apakah dari ledakan gunung di dasar laut? ini msh tetap misteri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Teori Piring Terbang (UFO) mengatakan bhw diwilayah itu adalah markas besar UFO di bumi ini. Ada hubungan antara munculnya piring terbang dg raibnya kapal dan pesawat diwilayah tsb.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. Yang lebih aneh lagi adalah Segitiga Bermuda tsb sbg pusat Pemerintahan kota Atlantis yg tenggelam ribuan tahun yg lalu, kota manusia duyung, selain ia adalah pusat persembunyian Dajjal al-Akbar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Walhasil, semua kejadian aneh yg berkepanjangan itu meletakkan Segitiga bermuda sbg tempat paling misteri didunia ini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Akhirnya, kita tdk bisa mengatakan kecuali Allahu a'lam. Dialah yg Maha Kuasa atas segala sesuatu, dan dg tangan-Nya Dia membolak balikkan segala sesuatu sekehendak-Nya. Maha suci Allah...Dia Maha Kuasa atas segala sesuatu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7285007911490161484-2727361144680956450?l=ujungdaun.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/feeds/2727361144680956450/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/11/segitiga-bermuda-merupakan-teka-teki.html#comment-form' title='1 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/2727361144680956450'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/2727361144680956450'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/11/segitiga-bermuda-merupakan-teka-teki.html' title='segitiga bermuda'/><author><name>fajri arfan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01412068473176801321</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxiqOtntjWI/AAAAAAAAAAY/sFl72KxTZy8/S220/7021_1112521907151_1650005463_30380775_7503692_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7285007911490161484.post-3994178071553870574</id><published>2009-11-28T06:11:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-03T23:26:18.460-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='knowledge'/><title type='text'>Misteri UFO di Blok M</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxEyqWwyR0I/AAAAAAAAAAM/DbQC_M6ooJM/s1600/ufo-blok-m.jpg"&gt;&lt;img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxEyqWwyR0I/AAAAAAAAAAM/DbQC_M6ooJM/s320/ufo-blok-m.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409160330694772546" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Telah beredar berita penampakan UFO di Blok M Jakarta,sekilas foto tersebut sangat membuat bulu kuduk kita merinding karena bentuknya menyerupai asli tapi pada saat saya telursuri kebenaranya foto tersebut adalah HOAX besar. Itu dibuat oleh orang yang tidak bertanggung jawab yang hanya ke-isengan belaka tapi dari isengnya itu berdampak besar terbukti dengan banyaknya pemberitaan dimedia massa atas foto tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sampai dengan hari ini telefon saya terus berdering seiring pemberitaan yang beredar menanyakan kebenaran foto itu berhubung saya belum melihat foto aslinya dan baru pagi ini memdapatkan foto aslinya dari kerabat saya di beta-ufo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ini sedikit kutipan dari Nur Agustinus di beta-ufo.&lt;br /&gt;saya merasa pernah melihat bentuk UFO tersebut di foto yang lain. Hoaxer di masa lalu agak sulit dibuktikan karena umumnya menggunakan obyek yang diterbangkan, misalnya topi atau benda lain, sehingga perlu diteliti mengenai sudut bayangan, dan lain sebagainya. Namun hoaxer di masa kini lebih suka mengutak-atik gambar lewat komputer. Jadi, kalau cuma copy-paste dari gambar yang sudah ada, bagi yang sering lihat foto-foto UFO, kemungkinan dikenali lebih besar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebelumnya media cetak dan online melansir adanya objek aneh yang tertangkap kamera oleh seseorang yang menolak disebutkan namanya,foto dikirimkan ke Facebook wartakota dan dirilis beritanya pagi ini diwartaakota cetak (16/10).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ini berita yang dilansir oleh wartakota.&lt;br /&gt;Palmerah, Warta Kota&lt;br /&gt;Sebuah benda terbang asing atau unidentified flying objects (UFO) melayang di atas sebuah apartemen di Jalan Pakubuwono atau di dekat Blok M, Jakarta Selatan, beberapa hari lalu.&lt;br /&gt;Benda yang diduga UFO alias piring terbang itu dipotret seorang warga yang menolak identitasnya dicantumkan. Foto tersebut diterima Warta Kota melalui Facebook, Kamis (15/10).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menurut si pemotret, obyek tersebut tidak sengaja tertangkap kamera. Saat itu, dia sebenarnya sedang memotret bangunan apartemen di Jalan Pakubuwono VI, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan, dari dalam mobil.&lt;br /&gt;Ketika hasil jepretan diamati dengan teliti, ternyata ada benda asing yang melayang di atas apartemen itu. Ketika citra benda asing itu diperbesar, benda itu tampak seperti piring dengan sejumlah jendela di bagian bawah. Mirip piring terbang dalam film fiksi ilmiah buatan Hollywood.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tapi memang saya akui foto tersebut sangat bagus dan rapih sekali,jadi tidak ada kesan edit komputer kalau kita tidak membandingkannya dengan foto-foto UFO yang lain kita akan terkecoh dan meyakini kebenaran foto tersebut. Seperti yang ditulis oleh rekan saya dari beta-ufo,foto ini dibandingkan dengan penampakan UFO di Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA pada bulan januari 2007.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kemiripan inilah yang akhirnya sudah bisa dinyatakan sebagai kobohongan atas orang yang tidak bertanggung jawab,kemajuan teknologi ditambah dengan daya imajenasi seseorang kita dapat dengan mudah membuat foto-foto palsu dan penggadaan foto menjadi satu foto yang bagus dan bisa menghebohkan seperti foto UFO di Blok M ini. Oleh karena itu kita harus berhati-hati atas beredarnya rumor-rumor ini dan ini juga harus dijadikan sebagai kewaspadaan kepada para Pengamat UFO Indonesia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7285007911490161484-3994178071553870574?l=ujungdaun.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/feeds/3994178071553870574/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/11/misteri-ufo-di-blok-m.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/3994178071553870574'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7285007911490161484/posts/default/3994178071553870574'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ujungdaun.blogspot.com/2009/11/misteri-ufo-di-blok-m.html' title='Misteri UFO di Blok M'/><author><name>fajri arfan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01412068473176801321</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxiqOtntjWI/AAAAAAAAAAY/sFl72KxTZy8/S220/7021_1112521907151_1650005463_30380775_7503692_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EvDVVydf0Ao/SxEyqWwyR0I/AAAAAAAAAAM/DbQC_M6ooJM/s72-c/ufo-blok-m.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
